# Contents

## Idea

The spinning string is a variant of the string in direct analogy (but one worldvolume dimension higher) to how the spinning particle is a variant of the particle.

(Which means that “spinning” here is not in the sense of “rotating”, but in the sense of the kind of “intrinsic” spin as exhibited by fermion particles. A spinning string can rotate in addition to its intrinsic spin.)

And just as as the spinning particle automatically exhibits local worldline supersymmetry, the spinning string automatically exhibits local worldsheet supersymmetry. For that reason it is today almost exclusively known as the superstring .

In fact, the very notion of supersymmetry was realized (in parallel to its independent discovery in Russia) when people noticed that the spinning string sigma-model – also called the Neveu-Ramond-Schwarz model (NSR model) – automatically exhibits this extra graded symmetry.

When supplemented with an operation called the GSO projection, the second quantization of the spinning string – its effective target spacetime theory – also becomes a locally supersymmetric theory: spacetime supergravity.

There are other formulations of the superstring which are thought to be equivalent in some sense. Notably the Green-Schwarz superstring is a sigma-model which is not supersymmetric on the worldsheet but instead takes values in a genuine spacetime supermanifold.

manifest supersymmetry for brane sigma-models:

manifest worldvolume supersymmetrymanifest target+worldvolume supersymmetrymanifest target space supersymmetry
NSR action functionalsuperembedding approachGreen-Schwarz action functional

## References

### General

The original articles that formulated the NSR model are

Original articles that realize the local worldsheet supersymmetry of the spinning string include

• S. Deser,; B. Zumino, . A complete action for the spinning string Physics Letters B 65 (4): 369-373 (1976) (pdf)

• L. Brink, P. Di Vecchia and Paul Howe, A locally supersymmetric and reparametrization invariant action for the spinning string , Physics Letters B Volume 65, Issue 5, 20 (1976) Pages 471-474

### GSO projection and spacetime supersymmetry

The GSO projection and the conjecture that this makes also the target space theory of the spinning string locally supersymmetric is due to

• F. Gliozzi, J. Scherk, D. I. Olive, Supergravity and its spinor dual model, Phys. Letters B65, 282 (1976)

• F. Gliozzi, J. Scherk, D. I. Olive, Supersymmetry, supergravity theories and the dual spinor model , Nucl. Phys, B122, 253 (1977)

The demonstration of this fact is due to

• Supersymmetrical dual string theory , Nucl. Phys. B181 (1981) 502;

Supersymmetrical string theories , Phys. Lett. 109B (1982) 444.

Superconformal invariance of the spinning string was discussed in

• Paul Howe, Super Weyl transformations in two dimensions J. Phys. 12 (1979) 393.

A review of the history of these developments is in

An exposition of some technical aspects is in the wiki

Reviews and survays are also in any text on string theory. See the references there for more detail.

### BRST description

Discussion of the BRST complex of the NSR string is for instance in

Revised on August 27, 2013 19:19:25 by Urs Schreiber (82.113.121.162)