nLab normal bundle

Contents

Context

Bundles

bundles

Differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

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Axiomatics

cohesion

infinitesimal cohesion

tangent cohesion

differential cohesion

graded differential cohesion

singular cohesion

id id fermionic bosonic bosonic Rh rheonomic reduced infinitesimal infinitesimal & étale cohesive ʃ discrete discrete continuous * \array{ && id &\dashv& id \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& \mathrm{R}\!\!\mathrm{h} & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{étale}}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& \esh &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }

Models

Lie theory, ∞-Lie theory

differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

Manifolds and cobordisms

Contents

Definition

Definition

For i:XYi : X \hookrightarrow Y an immersion (notably an embedding) of smooth manifolds, the normal bundle of XX in YY relative to ii is the vector bundle

N iXX N_i X \to X

defined as the fiberwise quotient bundle

N iX=i *TYTX N_i X =\frac{i^* T Y}{T X}

If YY is equipped with Riemannian metric structure then this is equivalently the space of tangent vectors to YY which are normal vectors to the tangent vectors to XX, whence the name.

The pullback i *TYi^* T Y can be of course interpreted as the restriction TY| XT Y|_X. The normal bundle is fiberwise the quotient of the fiber of the tangent bundle of YY by the fiber of the tangent bundle of XX: for xXx \in X

N i(X) x=T i(x)Y/T x(X). N_i (X)_x = T_{i(x)}Y/T_x(X) \,.

The dual notion is that of conormal bundle. The notion also makes sense for some other contexts, e.g. for smooth algebraic varieties.

Remark

There is always an isomorphism

TXN iXTY| X, T X \oplus N_i X \simeq T Y|_X \,,

but it is not canonically given, hence in particular cannot it general be chosen naturally. Except if certain additional structure is given:

If YY is equipped with a Riemannian metric gg, then we may identify the normal bundle with the bundle of vectors that are orthogonal to (“normal to”) the vectors in TXT X:

N i(X)(TX) :={(x,v)TY| X|wT xX:g(v,w)=0}. N_i(X) \simeq (T X)^\perp := \{ (x,v) \in T Y|_{X} | \forall w \in T_x X : g(v,w) = 0 \} \,.

Let M nM^n be a smooth compact nn-dimensional manifold without boundary, then the question of triviality of the normal bundle for an embedding M nR n+rM^n\hookrightarrow \mathbf{R}^{n+r} for sufficiently large rr does not depend on the embedding. For this one uses the fact that any two such embeddings are regularly homotopic (this means the existence of a smooth homotopy H(x,t)H(x,t) which is immersion for every t[0,1]t \in [0,1] and which induces on the level of differentials a homotopy for the tangent bundles) and that any two regular homotopies are themselves homotopic through regular homotopies leaving end points fixed. Then one just uses the homotopy invariance of vector bundles. Thus, if M nM^n admits an embedding into R n+r\mathbf{R}^{n+r} with a trivial normal bundle then one says that M nM^n has a stably trivial normal bundle. In that case, if M + nM^n_+ is the union of MM with a disjoint base point, then there is a homeomorphism T(M n×R r)Σ rM + nT (M^n\times \mathbf{R}^{r})\cong \Sigma^r M^n_+ where Σ r\Sigma^r denotes the rr-fold (reduced) suspension of based spaces (S r×M + n)/(S rM +)(S^r\times M^n_+)/(S^r\wedge M_+).

Literature

  • Victor Snaith, Stable homotopy around the Arf-Kervaire invariant, Birkhauser 2009

Last revised on January 21, 2020 at 17:25:14. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.