# Contents

## Idea

The notion of virtual fundamental class is a generalization of that of fundamental class from manifolds to more general spaces in higher geometry, notably to orbifolds and their equivalent incarnations as stacks, as well as to derived manifolds.

This plays a central role when these stacks serve as moduli stacks for certain structures on some space (certain maps into that space regarded as a target space, notably) and one is interested in the relevant “path integral” over all these structures (to produce invariants of target space). This is manifestly so for instance in the application to Gromov-Witten invariants. In these cases the pairing of cocycles against the virtual fundamental class plays the role of integration over the given moduli stack.

## Examples

### Moduli space of stable maps

Although the moduli space of stable maps? is sometimes referred to as a compactifiaction of the space of maps, in analogy with the Deligne-Mumford compactification? of the moduli space of curves, in fact it typically has boundary components of higher dimension than the space it was supposed to compactify!

Take for example ${\overline{M}}_{1,0}\left({P}^{2},3\right)$. It ought to be a compactification of the space of degree-3 maps from genus-1 curves to ${P}^{2}$, and indeed one of its components has a Zariski open subset birational to the ${P}^{9}$ of all plane cubics. But there is also a ‘boundary component’ of higher dimension, namely the boundary component consisting of maps whose domain is a genus-1 curve glued to a nodal rational curve: the nodal curve maps to a rational cubic in ${P}^{2}$, while the $g=1$ component contracts to a point on that nodal cubic.

This boundary component has dimension 10: namely, there are 8 parameters to specify the image nodal cubic, 1 paramenter to determine the point to which the $g=1$ component contracts, and finally there is 1 paramenter for the j-invariant? for the $g=1$ component. The topological fundamental class lives in dimension 10 so it is rather useless to integrate against if all your cohomology classes are codimension 9 — which is the expected dimension.

The virtual fundamental class always lives in the expected dimension.

(The expected dimension is often the one you would expect(!) from naive counts like the above. More formally it can be computed as dim ${H}^{0}\left(C,{N}_{f}\right)$, where $f:C\to {P}^{2}$ is a moduli point (with normal bundle ${N}_{f}$) such that ${H}^{1}\left(C,{N}_{f}\right)=0$ (this is to say that the first order infinitesimal deformations are unobstructed).)

The situation is analogous (possibly in fact a special case of) the standard situation in intersection theory when a section of a vector bundle is not regular: its zero locus is then of too high dimension and is of little use to intersect against. The correct class to work with is then the top Chern class of the vector bundle (cf. Fulton ch.14), which could be called the virtual class of the zero locus.

In the example above, I don’t know right now if the virtual class in fact appears as a top Chern class of a vector bundle — I think it should, because the excess is just a variation of the standard example $bart{M}_{1,1}\left(X,0\right)$, and in that example it is true that the virtual class appears as a top Chern class: there is a so-called obstruction bundle? which in this case is the dual of the Hodge bundle? from the factor ${\overline{M}}_{1,1}$ tensored with the tangent bundle from $X$.

(The Hodge bundle is the direct image bundle of the canonical bundle of the universal curve, hence of rank $g$, hence just a line bundle in this case.)

The virtual fundamental class is the top Chern class of the obstruction bundle (cap the topological fundamental class).

In this case, $\mathrm{dim}{\overline{M}}_{1,1}\left(X,0\right)=1+\mathrm{dim}X$, and the obstruction bundle has rank $\mathrm{dim}X$, hence the virtual class has dimension 1.

Perhaps it should be mentioned also that the moduli space of maps can have components of too high dimension even before it is ‘compactified’, and even without involving contracting curves. A famous example is ${M}_{0,0}\left(Q,d\right)$ (no bar needed for this argument) where $Q$ is a quintic three-fold. Let’s say $d=2$, so we are talking about conics on the quintic three-fold. Since $Q$ has trivial canonical class it follows that the expected dimension is always 0 (i.e. in every degree there ought to be a finite number of rational curves on Q).

But now, ${M}_{0,0}\left(Q,2\right)$ is a space of maps, not a space of curves, and for every one of the famous 2875 lines on $Q$ there is a 2-dimensional family of double covers of the line, which clearly count as stable degree-2 maps, so ${M}_{0,0}\left(Q,2\right)$ contains 2875 components of dimension 2, in contrast to the virtual dimension 0.

## References

The idea of virtual fundamental classes and corresponding picture of derived moduli spaces comes from

• Maxim Kontsevich, Enumeration of rational curves via torus actions, in: The moduli space of curves (Texel Island, 1994), 335–368, Progr. Math. 129, Birkhäuser 1995. MR1363062 (97d:14077), hep-th/9405035

A quick overview of virtual fundamental classes for algebraic stacks is in section 4.4.3 of

A more detailed overview with many pointers to the literature is in section 8 “Introduction to the virtual fundamental class” of

• Nicola Pagani, Introduction to Gromov-Witten theory and quantum cohomology (pdf)

A review of virtual fundamental classes of orbifolds in differential geometry is around page 7 of

• Andrés Angel, When is a differentiable manifold the boundary of an orbifold? (pdf)

Detailed disucssion for the branched manifold-variant of orbifolds is in section 3.4 of

Virtual fundamental classs of derived manifolds are discussed in section 13.2 of

• Dominic Joyce, D-manifolds and d-orbifolds: a theory of derived differential geometry (pdf)

Specifically for applications to Gromov-Witten theory see for instance

• Ch. Okonek, A. Teleman, Computing virtual fundamental classes: gauge theoretical Gromov-Witten invariants for toric varieties (arXiv:math/0205137)

The material in Moduli space of stable maps above originates in a blog discussion here

Revised on February 13, 2013 14:43:03 by Zoran Škoda (161.53.130.104)