nLab Isbell duality

Contents

Context

Higher algebra

Higher geometry

Duality

higher geometry\leftarrow Isbell duality \rightarrow higher algebra


Contents

Idea

A general abstract adjunction

(𝒪Spec):CoPresheavesSpec𝒪Presheaves (\mathcal{O} \dashv Spec) : CoPresheaves \underoverset{Spec}{\mathcal{O}}{\leftrightarrows} Presheaves

relates (higher) presheaves with (higher) copresheaves on a given (higher) category CC: this is called Isbell conjugation or Isbell duality (after John Isbell).

To the extent that this adjunction descends to presheaves that are (higher) sheaves and copresheaves that are (higher) algebras this duality relates higher geometry with higher algebra.

Objects preserved by the monad of this adjunction are called Isbell self-dual.

Under the interpretation of presheaves as generalized spaces and copresheaves as generalized quantities modeled on CC (Lawvere 86, see at space and quantity), Isbell duality is the archetype of the duality between geometry and algebra that permeates mathematics (such as Gelfand duality, Stone duality, or the embedding of smooth manifolds into formal duals of R-algebras).

Definition

Let 𝒱\mathcal{V} be a good enriching category (a cosmos, i.e. a complete and cocomplete closed symmetric monoidal category).

Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be a small 𝒱\mathcal{V}-enriched category.

Write [𝒞 op,𝒱][\mathcal{C}^{op}, \mathcal{V}] and [𝒞,𝒱][\mathcal{C}, \mathcal{V}] for the enriched functor categories.

Proposition

There is a VV-adjunction

(𝒪Spec):[C,𝒱] opSpec𝒪[C op,𝒱] (\mathcal{O} \dashv Spec) \colon [C, \mathcal{V}]^{op} \underoverset{Spec}{\mathcal{O}}{\leftrightarrows} [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}]

where

𝒪(X):c[C op,𝒱](X,C(,c)), \mathcal{O}(X) \colon c \mapsto [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, C(-,c)) \,,

and

Spec(A):c[C,𝒱] op(C(c,),A). Spec(A) \colon c \mapsto [C, \mathcal{V}]^{op}(C(c,-),A) \,.
Remark

This is also called Isbell duality. Objects which are preserved by 𝒪Spec\mathcal{O} \circ Spec or Spec𝒪Spec \mathcal{O} are called Isbell self-dual.

The proof is mostly a tautology after the notation is unwound. The mechanism of the proof may still be of interest and be relevant for generalizations and for less tautological variations of the setup. We therefore spell out several proofs.

Proof A

Use the end-expression for the hom-objects of the enriched functor categories to compute

[C,𝒱] op(𝒪(X),A) := cC𝒱(A(c),𝒪(X)(c)) := cC𝒱(A(c),[C op,𝒱](X,C(,c))) := cC dC𝒱(A(c),𝒱(X(d),C(d,c))) dC cC𝒱(X(d),𝒱(A(c),C(d,c))) =: dC𝒱(X(d),[C,𝒱] op(C(d,),A)) =: dC𝒱(X(d),Spec(A)(d)) =:[C op,𝒱](X,Spec(A)). \begin{aligned} [C,\mathcal{V}]^{op}(\mathcal{O}(X), A) & := \int_{c \in C} \mathcal{V}(A(c), \mathcal{O}(X)(c)) \\ & := \int_{c \in C} \mathcal{V}(A(c), [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, C(-,c))) \\ & := \int_{c \in C} \int_{d \in C} \mathcal{V}(A(c), \mathcal{V}(X(d), C(d,c))) \\ & \simeq \int_{d \in C} \int_{c \in C} \mathcal{V}(X(d), \mathcal{V}(A(c), C(d,c))) \\ & =: \int_{d \in C} \mathcal{V}(X(d), [C,\mathcal{V}]^{op}(C(d,-),A)) \\ & =: \int_{d \in C} \mathcal{V}(X(d), Spec(A)(d)) \\ & =: [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, Spec(A)) \end{aligned} \,.
Remark

Here apart from writing out or hiding the ends, the only step that is not a definition is precisely the middle one, where we used that 𝒱\mathcal{V} is a symmetric closed monoidal category.

The following proof does not use ends and needs instead slightly more preparation, but has then the advantage that its structure goes through also in great generality in higher category theory.

Proof B

Notice that

Lemma 1: Spec(C(c,))C(,c)Spec(C(c,-)) \simeq C(-,c)

because we have a natural isomorphism

Spec(C(c,))(d) :=[C,𝒱](C(c,),C(d,)) C(d,c) \begin{aligned} Spec(C(c,-))(d) & := [C,\mathcal{V}](C(c,-), C(d,-)) \\ & \simeq C(d,c) \end{aligned}

by the Yoneda lemma.

From this we get

Lemma 2: [C op,𝒱](SpecC(c,),SpecA)[C,𝒱](A,C(c,))[C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](Spec C(c,-), Spec A) \simeq [C,\mathcal{V}](A, C(c,-))

by the sequence of natural isomorphisms

[C op,𝒱](SpecC(c,),SpecA) [C op,𝒱](C(,c),SpecA) (SpecA)(c) :=[C,𝒱](A,C(c,)), \begin{aligned} [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](Spec C(c,-), Spec A) & \simeq [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](C(-,c), Spec A) \\ & \simeq (Spec A)(c) \\ & := [C, \mathcal{V}](A, C(c,-)) \end{aligned} \,,

where the first is Lemma 1 and the second the Yoneda lemma.

Since (by what is sometimes called the co-Yoneda lemma) every object X[C op,𝒱]X \in [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}] may be written as a colimit

Xlim iC(,c i) X \simeq {\lim_\to}_i C(-,c_i)

over representables C(,c i)C(-,c_i) we have

Xlim iSpec(C(c i,)). X \simeq {\lim_\to}_i Spec(C(c_i,-)) \,.

In terms of the same diagram of representables it then follows that

Lemma 3:

𝒪(X)lim iC(c i,) \mathcal{O}(X) \simeq {\lim_{\leftarrow}}_i C(c_i,-)

because using the above colimit representation and the Yoneda lemma we have natural isomorphisms

𝒪(X)(d) =[C op,𝒱](X,C(,c)) [C op,𝒱](lim iC(,c i),C(,c)) lim i[C op,𝒱](C(,c i),C(,c)) lim iC(c i,c). \begin{aligned} \mathcal{O}(X)(d) &= [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, C(-,c)) \\ & \simeq [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}]({\lim_\to}_i C(-,c_i), C(-,c)) \\ & \simeq {\lim_\leftarrow}_i [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](C(-,c_i), C(-,c)) \\ & \simeq {\lim_\leftarrow}_i C(c_i,c) \end{aligned} \,.

Using all this we can finally obtain the adjunction in question by the following sequence of natural isomorphisms

[C,𝒱] op(𝒪(X),A) [C,𝒱](A,lim iC(c i,)) lim i[C,𝒱](A,C(c i,)) lim i[C op,𝒱](SpecC(c i,),SpecA) [C op,𝒱](lim iSpecC(c i,),SpecA) [C op,𝒱](X,SpecA). \begin{aligned} [C,\mathcal{V}]^{op}(\mathcal{O}(X), A) & \simeq [C,\mathcal{V}](A, {\lim_\leftarrow}_i C(c_i,-)) \\ & \simeq {\lim_{\leftarrow}}_i [C, \mathcal{V}](A, C(c_i,-)) \\ & \simeq {\lim_{\leftarrow}}_i [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](Spec C(c_i,-), Spec A) \\ & \simeq [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}]({\lim_{\to}}_i Spec C(c_i,-), Spec A) \\ & \simeq [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, Spec A) \end{aligned} \,.

The pattern of this proof has the advantage that it goes through in great generality also on higher category theory without reference to a higher notion of enriched category theory.

Remark

Under certain circumstances, Isbell duality can be extended to large 𝒱\mathcal{V}-enriched categories CC. For example, if CC has a small generating subcategory SS and a small cogenerating subcategory TT, then for each F:C op𝒱F: C^{op} \to \mathcal{V} and G:C𝒱G: C \to \mathcal{V}, one may construct 𝒪(F)\mathcal{O}(F) and Spec(G)Spec(G) objectwise as appropriate subobjects in 𝒱\mathcal{V}:

𝒪(F)(c)=[C op,𝒱](F,C(,c)) s:S𝒱(Fs,hom(s,c))\mathcal{O}(F)(c) = [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](F, C(-, c)) \hookrightarrow \int_{s: S} \mathcal{V}(F s, \hom(s, c))
Spec(G)(c)=[C,𝒱](G,C(c,)) t:T𝒱(Gt,hom(c,t))Spec(G)(c) = [C, \mathcal{V}](G, C(c, -)) \hookrightarrow \int_{t: T} \mathcal{V}(G t, \hom(c, t))

Example

In the simplest case, namely for an ordinary category 𝒞\mathcal{C}, the adjunction between presheaves and copresheaves arises as follows.

The category of presheaves [𝒞 op,Set][\mathcal{C}^{op}, \mathrm{Set}] is the free cocompletion of 𝒞\mathcal{C}. This means that any functor

f:𝒞𝒟f \colon \mathcal{C} \to \mathcal{D}

to a cocomplete category 𝒟\mathcal{D} extends along the Yoneda embedding y:𝒞[𝒞 op,Set]y \colon \mathcal{C} \to [\mathcal{C}^{op}, \mathrm{Set}] to a cocontinuous functor

F:[𝒞 op,Set]𝒟F \colon [\mathcal{C}^{op}, \mathrm{Set}] \to \mathcal{D}

in a manner unique up to natural isomorphism.

Dually, the category of copresheaves [𝒞,Set] op[\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{Set}]^{op} is the free completion of 𝒞\mathcal{C}. This means that any functor

g:𝒞𝒟g \colon \mathcal{C} \to \mathcal{D}

to a complete category 𝒟\mathcal{D} extends along the co-Yoneda embedding z:𝒞[𝒞,Set] opz \colon \mathcal{C} \to [\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{Set}]^{op} to a continuous functor

G:[𝒞,Set] op𝒟G \colon [\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{Set}]^{op} \to \mathcal{D}

in a manner unique up to natural isomorphism.

We can apply these ideas to get the functors involved in Isbell duality. The presheaf category [𝒞 op,Set][\mathcal{C}^{op}, \mathrm{Set}] has all limits, so we can extend the Yoneda embedding to a continuous functor

Y:[𝒞,Set] op[𝒞 op,Set] Y \colon [\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{Set}]^{op} \to [\mathcal{C}^{op}, \mathrm{Set}]

from copresheaves to presheaves. Dually, the copresheaf category [𝒞,Set] op[\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{Set}]^{op} has all colimits, so we can extend the co-Yoneda embedding to a cocontinuous functor

Z:[𝒞 op,Set][𝒞,Set] op Z \colon [\mathcal{C}^{op}, \mathrm{Set}] \to [\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{Set}]^{op}

from presheaves to copresheaves.

Isbell duality says that these are adjoint functors: YY is right adjoint to ZZ.

Properties

Relation to Yoneda embedding

SpecSpec is the left Kan extension of the Yoneda embedding along the contravariant Yoneda embedding, while 𝒪\mathcal{O} is the left Kan extension of the contravariant Yoneda embedding along the Yoneda embedding.

The codensity monad of the Yoneda embedding is isomorphic to the monad induced by the Isbell adjunction, Spec𝒪Spec \mathcal{O} (Kock 66, Theorem 4.1 and Di Liberti 19, Theorem 2.7).

Respect for limits

Choose any class LL of limits in CC and write [C,𝒱] ×[C,𝒱][C,\mathcal{V}]_\times \subset [C,\mathcal{V}] for the full subcategory consisting of those functors preserving these limits.

Proposition

The (𝒪Spec)(\mathcal{O} \dashv Spec)-adjunction does descend to this inclusion, in that we have an adjunction

(𝒪Spec):[C,𝒱] × opSpec𝒪[C op,𝒱] (\mathcal{O} \dashv Spec) : [C, \mathcal{V}]_{\times}^{op} \stackrel{\overset{\mathcal{O}}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{Spec}{\to}} [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}]
Proof

Because the hom-functors preserves all limits:

𝒪(X)(lim jc j) :=[C op,𝒱](X,C(,lim jc j)) [C op,𝒱](X,lim jC(,c j)) lim j[C op,𝒱](X,C(,c j)) =:lim j𝒪(X)(c j). \begin{aligned} \mathcal{O}(X)({\lim_{\leftarrow}}_j c_j) & := [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X,C(-,{\lim_{\leftarrow}}_j c_j)) \\ & \simeq [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X,{\lim_{\leftarrow}}_j C(-,c_j)) \\ & \simeq {\lim_{\leftarrow}}_j [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X,C(-,c_j)) \\ & =: {\lim_{\leftarrow}}_j \mathcal{O}(X)(c_j) \end{aligned} \,.

Isbell self-dual objects

Definition

An object XX or AA is Isbell-self-dual if

  • A𝒪Spec(A)A \stackrel{}{\to} \mathcal{O} Spec(A) is an isomorphism in [C,𝒱][C,\mathcal{V}];

  • XSpec𝒪XX \to Spec \mathcal{O} X is an isomorphism in [C op,𝒱][C^{op}, \mathcal{V}], respectively.

Proposition

All representables are Isbell self-dual.

Proof

By Proof B , lemma 1 we have a natural isomorphisms in cCc \in C

Spec(C(c,))C(,c). Spec(C(c,-)) \simeq C(-,c) \,.

Therefore we have also the natural isomorphism

𝒪SpecC(c,)(d) 𝒪C(,c)(d) :=[C op,𝒱](C(,c),C(,d)) C(c,d), \begin{aligned} \mathcal{O} Spec C(c,-)(d) & \simeq \mathcal{O} C(-,c) (d) \\ & := [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](C(-,c), C(-,d)) \\ & \simeq C(c,d) \end{aligned} \,,

where the second step is the Yoneda lemma. Similarly the other way round.

Isbell envelope

See Isbell envelope.

Reflexive completion

See reflexive completion.

Examples and similar dualities

Isbell duality is a template for many other space/algebra-dualities in mathematics.

Function TT-Algebras on presheaves

Let 𝒱\mathcal{V} be any cartesian closed category.

Let C:=TC := T be the syntactic category of a 𝒱\mathcal{V}-enriched Lawvere theory, that is a 𝒱\mathcal{V}-category with finite products such that all objects are generated under products from a single object 11.

Then write TAlg:=[C,𝒱] ×T Alg := [C,\mathcal{V}]_\times for category of product-preserving functors: the category of TT-algebras. This comes with the canonical forgetful functor

U T:TAlg𝒱:AA(1) U_T : T Alg \to \mathcal{V} : A \mapsto A(1)

Write

F T:T opTAlg F_T : T^{op} \hookrightarrow T Alg

for the Yoneda embedding.

Definition

Call

𝔸 T:=Spec(F T(1))[C op,𝒱] \mathbb{A}_T := Spec(F_T(1)) \in [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}]

the TT-line object.

Observation

For all X[C op,𝒱]X \in [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}] we have

𝒪(X)[C op,𝒱](X,Spec(F T())). \mathcal{O}(X) \simeq [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, Spec(F_T(-))) \,.

In particular

U T(𝒪(X))[C op,𝒱](X,𝔸 T). U_T(\mathcal{O}(X)) \simeq [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X,\mathbb{A}_T) \,.
Proof

We have isomorphisms natural in kTk \in T

[C op,𝒱](X,Spec(F T(k))) TAlg(F T(k),𝒪(X)) 𝒪(X)(k) \begin{aligned} [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, Spec(F_T(k))) & \simeq T Alg(F_T(k), \mathcal{O}(X)) \\ & \simeq \mathcal{O}(X)(k) \end{aligned}

by the above adjunction and then by the Yoneda lemma.

All this generalizes to the following case:

instead of setting C:=TC := T let more generally

TCTAlg op T \subset C \subset T Alg^{op}

be a small full subcategory of TT-algebras, containing all the free TT-algebras.

Then the original construction of 𝒪Spec\mathcal{O} \dashv Spec no longer makes sense, but that in terms of the line object still does

Proposition

Set

SpecA:BTAlg(A,B) Spec A : B \mapsto T Alg(A,B)

and

𝒪(X):k[C op,𝒱](X,Spec(F T(k))). \mathcal{O}(X) : k \mapsto [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, Spec(F_T(k))) \,.

Then we still have an adjunction

(𝒪Spec):TAlg opSpec𝒪[C op,𝒱]. (\mathcal{O} \dashv Spec) : T Alg^{op} \stackrel{\overset{\mathcal{O}}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{Spec}{\to}} [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}] \,.
Proof
TAlg op(𝒪(X),A) := kT𝒱(A(k),𝒪(X)(k)) := kT𝒱(A(k),[C op,𝒱](X,Spec(F T(k)))) := kT BC𝒱(A(k),𝒱(X(B),TAlg(F T(k),B))) kT BC𝒱(A(k),𝒱(X(B),B(k))) kT BC𝒱(X(B),𝒱(A(k),B(k))) =: BC𝒱(X(B),TAlg(A,B)) =: BC𝒱(X(B),Spec(A)(B)) =:[C op,Set](X,Spec(A)). \begin{aligned} T Alg^{op}(\mathcal{O}(X), A) & := \int_{k \in T} \mathcal{V}( A(k), \mathcal{O}(X)(k) ) \\ & := \int_{k \in T} \mathcal{V}( A(k), [C^{op}, \mathcal{V}](X, Spec(F_T(k))) ) \\ & := \int_{k \in T} \int_{B \in C} \mathcal{V}(A(k), \mathcal{V}(X(B), T Alg(F_T(k), B) )) \\ & \simeq \int_{k \in T} \int_{B \in C} \mathcal{V}(A(k), \mathcal{V}(X(B), B(k) )) \\ & \simeq \int_{k \in T} \int_{B \in C} \mathcal{V}(X(B), \mathcal{V}(A(k), B(k) )) \\ & =: \int_{B \in C} \mathcal{V}(X(B), T Alg(A,B)) \\ & =: \int_{B \in C} \mathcal{V}(X(B), Spec(A)(B)) \\ & =: [C^{op}, Set](X,Spec(A)) \end{aligned} \,.

The first step that is not a definition is the Yoneda lemma. The step after that is the symmetric-closed-monoidal structure of 𝒱\mathcal{V}.

Function kk-algebras on derived \infty-stacks

The structure of our Proof B above goes through in higher category theory.

Formulated in terms of derived stacks over the (∞,1)-category of dg-algebras, this is essentially the argument appearing on page 23 of (Ben-ZviNadler).

Function TT-algebras on \infty-stacks

for the moment see at function algebras on ∞-stacks.

Function 2-algebras on algebraic stacks

see Tannaka duality for geometric stacks

Gelfand duality

Gelfand duality is the equivalence of categories between (nonunital) commutative C*-algebras and (locally) compact topological spaces. See there for more details.

Serre-Swan theorem

The Serre-Swan theorem says that suitable modules over an commutative C*-algebra are equivalently modules of sections of vector bundles over the Gelfand-dual topological space.

duality between \;algebra and geometry

A\phantom{A}geometryA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}categoryA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}dual categoryA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}algebraA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}topologyA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}NCTopSpaces H,cpt\phantom{NC}TopSpaces_{H,cpt}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}Gelfand-KolmogorovAlg op\overset{\text{<a href="https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Gelfand-Kolmogorov+theorem">Gelfand-Kolmogorov</a>}}{\hookrightarrow} Alg^{op}_{\mathbb{R}}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}commutative algebraA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}topologyA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}NCTopSpaces H,cpt\phantom{NC}TopSpaces_{H,cpt}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}Gelfand dualityTopAlg C *,comm op\overset{\text{<a class="existingWikiWord" href="https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Gelfand+duality">Gelfand duality</a>}}{\simeq} TopAlg^{op}_{C^\ast, comm}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}comm. C-star-algebraA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}noncomm. topologyA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}NCTopSpaces H,cptNCTopSpaces_{H,cpt}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}Gelfand dualityTopAlg C * op\overset{\phantom{\text{Gelfand duality}}}{\coloneqq} TopAlg^{op}_{C^\ast}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}general C-star-algebraA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}algebraic geometryA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}NCSchemes Aff\phantom{NC}Schemes_{Aff}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}almost by def.TopAlg fin op\overset{\text{<a href="https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/affine+scheme#AffineSchemesFullSubcategoryOfOppositeOfRings">almost by def.</a>}}{\hookrightarrow} \phantom{Top}Alg^{op}_{fin} A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}fin. gen.A\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}commutative algebraA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}noncomm. algebraicA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}geometryA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}NCSchemes AffNCSchemes_{Aff}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}Gelfand dualityTopAlg fin,red op\overset{\phantom{\text{Gelfand duality}}}{\coloneqq} \phantom{Top}Alg^{op}_{fin, red}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}fin. gen.
A\phantom{A}associative algebraA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}differential geometryA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}SmoothManifoldsSmoothManifoldsA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}Milnor's exerciseTopAlg comm op\overset{\text{<a href="https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/embedding+of+smooth+manifolds+into+formal+duals+of+R-algebras">Milnor's exercise</a>}}{\hookrightarrow} \phantom{Top}Alg^{op}_{comm}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}commutative algebraA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}supergeometryA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}SuperSpaces Cart n|q\array{SuperSpaces_{Cart} \\ \\ \mathbb{R}^{n\vert q}}A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}Milnor's exercise Alg 2AAAA op C ( n) q\array{ \overset{\phantom{\text{Milnor's exercise}}}{\hookrightarrow} & Alg^{op}_{\mathbb{Z}_2 \phantom{AAAA}} \\ \mapsto & C^\infty(\mathbb{R}^n) \otimes \wedge^\bullet \mathbb{R}^q }A\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}supercommutativeA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}superalgebraA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}formal higherA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}supergeometryA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}(super Lie theory)A\phantom{A}
ASuperL Alg fin 𝔤A\phantom{A}\array{ Super L_\infty Alg_{fin} \\ \mathfrak{g} }\phantom{A}AALada-MarklA sdgcAlg op CE(𝔤)A\phantom{A}\array{ \overset{ \phantom{A}\text{<a href="https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/L-infinity-algebra#ReformulationInTermsOfSemifreeDGAlgebra">Lada-Markl</a>}\phantom{A} }{\hookrightarrow} & sdgcAlg^{op} \\ \mapsto & CE(\mathfrak{g}) }\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}differential graded-commutativeA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}superalgebra
A\phantom{A} (“FDAs”)

in physics:

A\phantom{A}algebraA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}geometryA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}Poisson algebraA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}Poisson manifoldA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}deformation quantizationA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}geometric quantizationA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}algebra of observablesA\phantom{A}space of statesA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}Heisenberg pictureA\phantom{A}Schrödinger pictureA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}AQFTA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}FQFTA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}higher algebraA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}higher geometryA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}Poisson n-algebraA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}n-plectic manifoldA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}En-algebrasA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}higher symplectic geometryA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}BD-BV quantizationA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}higher geometric quantizationA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}factorization algebra of observablesA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}extended quantum field theoryA\phantom{A}
A\phantom{A}factorization homologyA\phantom{A}A\phantom{A}cobordism representationA\phantom{A}

References

The original articles on Isbell duality and the Isbell envelope are

More recent discussion:

Isbell conjugacy for (∞,1)-presheaves over the (∞,1)-category of duals of dg-algebras is discussed around page 32 of

in

Isbell self-dual ∞-stacks over duals of commutative associative algebras are called affine stacks. They are characterized as those objects that are small in a sense and local with respect to the cohomology with coefficients in the canonical line object.

A generalization of this latter to \infty-stacks over duals of algebras over arbitrary abelian Lawvere theories is the content of

  • Herman Stel, \infty-Stacks and their function algebras – with applications to \infty-Lie theory, master thesis (2010) (web)

See also

Last revised on October 31, 2023 at 07:08:24. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.