nLab space

Contents

space \leftarrow Isbell duality \rightarrow algebra


Contents

Idea

The term ‘space’ is quite generic and can mean many different things depending on context. Often we will link it because we want to include many of these contexts at once!

Probably the default spaces are topological spaces (as defined by Bourbaki), with continuous maps between them. There are many variants, from convergence spaces (general) to metric (metrisable) spaces (specific), all of which fall under the topic of topology. An important variation gives locales; many of the theorems from topology that require the axiom of choice for Bourbaki spaces become constructively valid for locales.

Often one restricts to nice topological spaces or to a nice category of spaces; these are not always the same kind of restriction! There are many examples under those two headings; m-cofibrant spaces in particular allow one to identify homotopy equivalence with weak homotopy equivalence. More generally in homotopy theory, one uses the homotopy hypothesis to identify spaces with \infty-groupoids, of which there are several models. Since one common model is simplicial sets, some homotopy theorists use “space” to mean “simplicial set.”

Often one is also interested in spaces with additional structure. For instance, smooth manifolds and generalized smooth spaces are spaces with smooth structure, and algebraic varieties and schemes are spaces with algebraic structure. One can also speak more generally of spaces “modeled” on any suitable starting category; in this way one often comes to consider sheaves on a suitable site (and variations such as presheaves, copresheaves, or objects of an Isbell envelope) as spaces. Generalized smooth spaces and schemes are two commonly encountered examples of spaces “modeled” on a starting category in this way.

One can also categorify the concept of space. As space is dual to quantity, space and quantity can be categorified together; see \infty-space and compare \infty-quantity. Other types of categorified spaces include Grothendieck toposes (which are categorified locales) and stacks (which are categorified sheaves) and even their \infty-versions ((,1)(\infty,1)-toposes and \infty-stacks).

Notions of Space

In Structured Spaces, Jacob Lurie provides a coherent general picture of generalized notions of space in the context of higher geometry (often called “derived geometry”). Here is an outline of the central aspects.

The central ingredient which we choose at the beginning to get a theory of higher geometry going is an (∞,1)-category 𝒯\mathcal{T} whose objects we think of as model spaces : the simplest objects exhibiting the geometric structures that we mean to consider.

Examples for categories of model spaces

  • with smooth structure

    • 𝒯=\mathcal{T} = Diff, the category of smooth manifolds;

    • 𝒯=𝕃\mathcal{T} = \mathbb{L}, the category of smooth loci;

  • without smooth structure

    • 𝒯=(CRing fin) op\mathcal{T} = (C Ring^{fin})^{op}, the formal dual of CRing: the category of (finitely generated) algebraic affine schemes;

    • 𝒯=(sCRing fin) op\mathcal{T} = (sC Ring^{fin})^{op}, the formal dual of simplicial objects in CRing;

    • 𝒯=(E Ring fin) op\mathcal{T} = (E_\infty Ring^{fin})^{op}, the formal dual of E-∞ rings: the category of (finitely generated) algebraic derived affine schemes.

These (∞,1)-categories 𝒯\mathcal{T} are naturally equipped with the structure of a site (and a bit more, which we won’t make explicit for the present purpose). Following Jacob Lurie we call such a 𝒯\mathcal{T} a (pre-)geometry .

Every pregeometry 𝒯\mathcal{T} gives rise to a geometry 𝒢\mathcal{G} – it’s geometric envelope . Roughly speaking, this contains not just the original test spaces but also their derived version. More on this below.

We want to be talking about generalized spaces modeled on the objects of 𝒢\mathcal{G}. There is a hierarchy of notions of what that may mean:

Hierarchy of generalized spaces modeled on 𝒢\mathcal{G}

𝒢 Spec 𝒢 Sch(𝒢) Top(𝒢) op Sh (,1)(Pro(𝒢)) modelspaces spaceslocallylikemodelspaces concretespacescoprobeablebymodelspaces spacesprobeablebymodelspaces affine𝒢schemes 𝒢schemes 𝒢structured(,1)toposes stackson𝒢 tamebutrestrictive versatilebutpossiblywild \array{ \mathcal{G} &\stackrel{Spec^{\mathcal{G}}}{\hookrightarrow}& Sch(\mathcal{G}) &\hookrightarrow& \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G})^{op} &\hookrightarrow& Sh_{(\infty,1)}(Pro(\mathcal{G})) \\ \\ model spaces && spaces locally like model spaces && concrete spaces coprobeable by model spaces && spaces probeable by model spaces \\ \\ affine\;\mathcal{G}-schemes && \mathcal{G}-schemes && \mathcal{G}-structured\;(\infty,1)-toposes && \infty-stacks\;on\;\mathcal{G} \\ \stackrel{tame\;but\;restrictive}{\leftarrow} & &&&& & \stackrel{versatile\;but\;possibly\;wild}{\to} }

We explain what this means from right to left.

spaces probeable by model spaces: \infty-stacks

An object XX probeable by objects of 𝒢\mathcal{G} should come with an assignment

X:(U𝒢)(X(U)Grpd) X : (U \in \mathcal{G}) \mapsto (X(U) \in \infty Grpd)

of an ∞-groupoid of possible ways to probe XX by UU, for each possible UU, natural in UU. More precisely, this should define an object in the (∞,1)-category of (∞,1)-presheaves on 𝒢\mathcal{G}

XPSh(𝒢)=Funct(𝒢 op,Grpd) X \in PSh(\mathcal{G}) = Funct(\mathcal{G}^{op}, \infty Grpd)

But for XX to be consistently probeable it must be true that probes by UU can be reconstructed from overlapping probes of pieces of UU, as seen by the topology of 𝒢\mathcal{G}. More precisely, this should mean that the (∞,1)-presheaf XX is actually an object in an (∞,1)-category of (∞,1)-sheaves on 𝒢\mathcal{G}

XSh(𝒢)PSh(𝒢). X \in Sh(\mathcal{G}) \stackrel{}{\hookrightarrow} PSh(\mathcal{G}) \,.

Such objects are called ∞-stacks on 𝒢\mathcal{G}. The (∞,1)-category Sh(𝒢)Sh(\mathcal{G}) is called an ∞-stack (∞,1)-topos.

A supposedly pedagogical discussion of the general philosophy of ∞-stacks as probeable spaces is at motivation for sheaves, cohomology and higher stacks.

The ∞-stacks on 𝒢\mathcal{G} that are used in the following are those that satisfy descent on ?ech cover?s. But we will see (∞,1)-toposes of ∞-stacks that may satisfy different descent conditions, in particular with respect to hypercovers. Every ∞-stack (∞,1)-topos has a hypercompletion to one of this form.

For concretely working with hypercomplete (∞,1)-toposes it is often useful to use models for ∞-stack (∞,1)-toposes in terms of the model structure on simplicial presheaves.

Sh (,1) hc(C) lex PSh (,1)(C) general abstract def of (\infty,1)-topos Lurie's theorem ([C op,SSet] loc) Bousfieldloc. ([C op,SSet] glob) model category of simplicial presheaves \array{ Sh^{hc}_{(\infty,1)}(C) &\stackrel{\stackrel{\;\;\;\;\;lex\;\;\;\;\;\;}{\leftarrow}} {\hookrightarrow}& PSh_{(\infty,1)}(C) && \text{general abstract def of (\infty,1)-topos} \\ \uparrow^{\simeq} && \uparrow^{\simeq} && \text{Lurie's theorem} \\ ([C^{op}, SSet]_{loc})^\circ &\stackrel{\stackrel{Bousfield\;loc.}{\leftarrow}}{\to}& ([C^{op}, SSet]_{glob})^\circ && \text{model category of simplicial presheaves} }
Warning

This discussion here is glossing over all set-theoretic size issues. See StSp, warning 2.4.5.

concrete spaces co-probeable by model spaces: structured (,1)(\infty,1)-toposes

Spaces probeable by 𝒢\mathcal{G} in the above sense can be very general. They need not even have a concrete underlying space , even for general definitions of what that might mean.

(Counter-)Example For 𝒢=\mathcal{G} = Diff, for every nn \in \mathbb{N} we have the ∞-stack Ω cl n()\Omega_{cl}^n(-) (which happens to be an ordinary sheaf) that assigns to each manifold UU the set of closed n-forms on UU. This is important as a generalized space: it is something like the rational version of the Eilenberg-MacLane space K(,n)K(\mathbb{Z}, n). But at the same time this is a “wild” space that has exotic properties: for instance for n=3n=3 this space has just a single point, just a single curve in it, just a single surface in it, but has many nontrivial probes by 3-dimensional manifolds.

In the classical theory for instance of ringed spaces or diffeological spaces a concrete underlying space is taken to be a topological space. But this in turn is a bit too restrictive for general purposes: a topological space is the same as a localic topos: a category of sheaves on a category of open subsets of a topological space. The obvious generalization of this to higher geometry is: an n-localic (∞,1)-topos 𝒳\mathcal{X}.

This makes us want to say and make precise the statement that

A concrete ∞-stack XX is one which has an underlying (∞,1)-topos 𝒳\mathcal{X}:

the collection of UU-probes of XX is a subobject of the collection of (∞,1)-topos-morphisms from UU to 𝒳\mathcal{X}:

X(U)Top(𝒢) op(Sh (U),𝒳) X(U) \subset \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G})^{op}(Sh_{\infty}(U),\mathcal{X})

We think of 𝒳\mathcal{X} as the (∞,1)-topos of ∞-stacks on a category of open subsets of a would-be space XX, only that this would be space XX might not have an independent existence as a space apart from 𝒳\mathcal{X}. The available entity closest to it is the terminal object * 𝒳𝒳{*}_{\mathcal{X}} \in \mathcal{X}.

To say that 𝒳\mathcal{X} is modeled on 𝒢\mathcal{G} means that among all the ∞-stacks on the would-be space a structure sheaf of functions with values in objects of 𝒢\mathcal{G} is singled out: for each object V𝒢V \in \mathcal{G} there is a structure sheaf 𝒪(,V)𝒳\mathcal{O}(-,V) \in \mathcal{X}, naturally in VV.

This yields an (∞,1)-functor

𝒪:𝒢𝒳. \mathcal{O} : \mathcal{G} \to \mathcal{X} \,.

We think of XX as being a concrete space co-probebale by 𝒢\mathcal{G} (we can map from the concrete XX into objects of 𝒢\mathcal{G}).

Such an 𝒪\mathcal{O} is a consistent collection of coprobes if coprobes with values in VV may be reconstructed from co-probes with values in pieces of VV.

More precisely:

Definition

(𝒢\mathcal{G}-structure, StSp, def. 1.2.8)

An (∞,1)-functor 𝒪:𝒢𝒳\mathcal{O} : \mathcal{G} \to \mathcal{X} is a 𝒢\mathcal{G}-valued structure sheaf on the (∞,1)-topos if

A pair (𝒳,𝒪)(\mathcal{X}, \mathcal{O}) of an (∞,1)-topos 𝒳\mathcal{X} equipped with 𝒢\mathcal{G}-valued structure sheaf 𝒪:𝒢𝒳\mathcal{O} : \mathcal{G} \to \mathcal{X} we call a structured (∞,1)-topos.

In summary:

A concrete ∞-stack XX modeled on 𝒢\mathcal{G} is

  • an (∞,1)-topos 𝒳\mathcal{X} (“of \infty-stacks on XX”)

  • equipped with a 𝒢\mathcal{G}-valued structure sheaf 𝒪\mathcal{O} in the form of a finite limits and cover preserving functor 𝒪:𝒢𝒳\mathcal{O} : \mathcal{G} \to \mathcal{X}.

The fundamental example for structured (∞,1)-toposes are provided by the objects of 𝒢\mathcal{G} themselves, which are canonically equipped with a 𝒢\mathcal{G}-structure as follows.

Theorem

(StSp, thm. 2.1.1)

Let f:𝒢𝒢f : \mathcal{G} \to \mathcal{G}' be a morphism of geometries, then the obvious (∞,1)-functor f *:Top(𝒢)Top(𝒢)f^* : \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G}) \to \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G}') admits a left adjoint

f *:Top(𝒢)Top(𝒢):Spec 𝒢 𝒢 f^* : \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G}') \stackrel{\leftarrow}{\to} \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G}) : Spec_{\mathcal{G}}^{\mathcal{G}'}

called the relative spectrum functor.

For 𝒢\mathcal{G} any geometry, write 𝒢 disc\mathcal{G}_{disc} for the geometry obtained from this by forgetting its Grothendieck topology and instead using the discrete topology where only equivalences cover.

Notice that we may identify 𝒢 disc\mathcal{G}_{disc}-structures on the archetypical (∞,1)-topos ∞Grpd, being finite limit-preserving functors 𝒢 disc opGrpd\mathcal{G}_{disc}^{op} \to \infty Grpd with ind-objects in 𝒢 op\mathcal{G}^{op}, hence with the opposite of pro-objects in 𝒢\mathcal{G}. This gives a canonical inclusion

Pro(𝒢)Top(𝒢) op. Pro(\mathcal{G}) \hookrightarrow \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G})^{op} \,.
Definition

(StSp, def. 2.1.2)

The composite (∞,1)-functor

Spec 𝒢:Pro(𝒢) opTop(𝒢 disc)Spec 𝒢 𝒢 discTop(𝒢) Spec^{\mathcal{G}} : Pro(\mathcal{G})^{op} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G}_{disc}) \stackrel{Spec_{\mathcal{G}}^{\mathcal{G}_{disc}}}{\to} \mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G})

we call the absolute spectrum functor

This general abstract description is reassuring, but we want a more concrete definition of what such Spec 𝒢USpec^{\mathcal{G}} U is like:

Definition

(StSp, def. 2.2.9)

For every U𝒢U \in \mathcal{G} there is naturally induced a topology on the over category Pro(𝒢)/UPro(\mathcal{G})/U. Define the (∞,1)-topos

SpecU:=Sh (,1)(Pro(𝒢)/U), Spec U := Sh_{(\infty,1)}(Pro(\mathcal{G})/U) \,,

naturally to be thought of as the (∞,1)-topos of ∞-stacks on UU .

This is canonically equipped with a (∞,1)-functor

𝒪 SpecX:𝒢SpecX. \mathcal{O}_{Spec X} : \mathcal{G} \to Spec X \,.

And this is indeed the concrete underlying space produced by the absolute spectrum functor:

Theorem

StSp, prop. 2.2.11, thm. 2.2.12)

For every U𝒢U \in \mathcal{G} the pair (SpecU,𝒪 SpecU)(Spec U, \mathcal{O}_{Spec U}) is indeed a structured (∞,1)-topos and is indeed equivalent to the Spec 𝒢USpec^{\mathcal{G}} U defined more abstractly above.

Example For 𝒢=(CRing fin) op\mathcal{G} = (C Ring^{fin})^{op} with the standard topology we have that 0-localic 𝒢\mathcal{G}-structured spaces are locally ringed spaces , while 𝒢 disc\mathcal{G}_{disc}-structured 0-localic spaces are just arbitrary ringed spaces. Applying the above machinery to this situaton gives a spectrum functor that takes a ring RR first to the ringed space (*,R)({*,R}) and this then to the locally ringed space (SpecR,R)(Spec R, R).

Spaces locally like model spaces: generalized schemes

We have seen that 𝒢\mathcal{G}-structured (∞,1)-toposes are those general spaces modeled on 𝒢\mathcal{G} that are well-behaved in that at least they do have an “underlying topological structure” in the form of an underlying (∞,1)-topos. But such concrete spaces may still be very different from the model objects in 𝒢\mathcal{G}.

In parts this is desireable: many objects that one would naturally build out of the objects in 𝒢\mathcal{G}, such as mapping spaces [Σ,X][\Sigma,X], are much more general than objects in 𝒢\mathcal{G} but do live happily in Top(𝒢) op\mathcal{L}Top(\mathcal{G})^{op}.

But in many situations one would like to regard 𝒢\mathcal{G}-structured (∞,1)-toposes that are not globally but locally equivalent to objects in 𝒢\mathcal{G}. This is supposed to be captured by the following definition.

Definition

StSp, def. 2.3.9

A structured (∞,1)-topos (𝒳,𝒪)(\mathcal{X}, \mathcal{O}) is a 𝒢\mathcal{G}-generalized scheme if

  • there exists a collection {V i𝒳}\{V_i \in \mathcal{X}\}

  • such that

    • this covers 𝒳\mathcal{X} in that the canonical morphism

      ( iV i)* 𝒳 (\coprod_i V_i) \to {*}_{\mathcal{X}}

      to the terminal object in 𝒳\mathcal{X} is an effective epimorphism

    • the structured (∞,1)-toposes
      (𝒳/V i,𝒪| V i)(\mathcal{X}/V_i, \mathcal{O}|_{V_i}) induced by the V iV_i are model spaces in that there exists {U i𝒢}\{U_i \in \mathcal{G}\} and equivalences

      (𝒳/V i,𝒪| V i)Spec 𝒢U i (\mathcal{X}/V_i, \mathcal{O}|_{V_i}) \simeq Spec^{\mathcal{G}} U_i

Examples

warning the following statements really pertain to pregeometries, not geometries. For the moment, this here is glossing over the difference between the two. See geometry (for structured (∞,1)-toposes) for the details.

0-localic and whose structure sheaf is 0-truncated ([Structured Spaces|StSp, prop. 4.2.9]])

  • Deligne-Mumford stacks are 1-localic (CRing fin) et op(CRing^{fin})_{et}^{op}-generalized schemes ([Structured Spaces|StSp, prop. 4.2.9]])

  • This last statement is then the basis for calling a general (CRing fin) et op(CRing^{fin})_{et}^{op}-generalized scheme a derived Deligne-Mumford stack

  • Finally, to make contact with the application to the derived moduli stack of derived elliptic curves, it seems that in Spectral Schemes a derived Deligne-Mumford stack (with derived in the sense of having replaced ordinary commutative rings by E-∞ rings) is gonna be a 1-localic (E Ring fin) op(E_\infty Ring^{fin})^{op}-generalized scheme.

Last revised on April 8, 2019 at 06:34:37. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.