nLab
Künneth theorem

Idea

A Künneth theorem is a statement relating the homology or cohomology of two objects $X$ and $Y$ with that of their product $X\times Y$.

In good situations it identifies the (co)homology of a product with the tesor product of the (co)homologies: $H^{•}(X\times Y,E)\simeq H^{•}(X,E)\otimes H^{•}(Y,E)$. But in general this simple relation receives corrections by Tor-groups.

Statement

In ordinary homology

We discuss the Künneth theorem in ordinary homology.

Let $R$ be a ring and write $𝒜=R$Mod for its category of modules. (For instance $R=\mathbb{Z}$ the integers, in which case $\mathbb{Z}\mathrm{Mod}\simeq$ Ab is the category of abelian groups. )

For $N_1,N_2\in R\mathrm{Mod}$ two modules, write $N_1\otimes N_2\in R\mathrm{Mod}$ for their tensor product of modules. Similarly for $C_{•},C{\prime }_{•}\in {\mathrm{Ch}}_{•}(R\mathrm{Mod})$ two chain complexes of $R$-modules, write $(C{\otimes }_{R}C\prime {)}_{•}$ for their tensor product of chain complexes. Finally write ${\mathrm{Tor}}_1^R(N_1,N_2)$ for the first Tor-module of $N_1$ with $N_2$.

We discuss the Künneth theorem over $R$ in stages, sztarting with important special cases and then passing to more general statements.

1. Over a field

2. Over a principal ideal domain

3. Over a general ring

All these versions hold for chain homology and tensor products of general chain complexes. But under the Eilenberg-Zilber theorem all these statements apply directly in particular to the singular homology of topoligical spaces? and their products. This is discussed below in

• For singular homology of products of topological spaces

Over a field

Let $R=k$ be a field.

Theorem

For $R=k$ a field, given two chain complexes of $k$-vector spaces $C_{•},C{\prime }_{•}\in {\mathrm{Ch}}_{•}(k\mathrm{Vect})$, for each $n\in \mathbb{N}$ there is an isomorphism

$${\oplus }_k\left(H_k\left(C_{•}\right){\otimes }_k{H}_{n-k}\left(C{\prime }_{•}\right)\right)\stackrel{\simeq }{\to }{H}_n\left(C_{•}{\otimes }_{k}C{\prime }_{•}\right)$$\oplus_k \left( H_k\left(C_\bullet\right) \otimes_k H_{n-k}\left(C'_\bullet\right) \right) \stackrel{\simeq}{\to} H_n\left( C_\bullet \otimes_k C'_\bullet \right)

between the chain homology of the tensor product of chain complexes and the tensor product of chain homologies.

For a proof see the proof of theorem 2 below, of which this is a special case.

Over a principal ideal domain

Let now $R$ be a ring which is a principal ideal domain. This may be a field as above, or for instance it may be the ring $R=\mathbb{Z}$ of integers, in which case $R$-modules are equivalently just abelian groups.

Theorem

For $R$ a principal ideal domain, given a chain complex $C_{•}\in {\mathrm{Ch}}_{•}(R\mathrm{Mod})$ of free modules over $R$ and given any other chain complex $C{\prime }_{•}\in {\mathrm{Ch}}_{•}(R\mathrm{Mod})$, then for each $n\in \mathbb{N}$ there is a short exact sequence of the form

$$0\to {\oplus }_k\left(H_k\left(C_{•}\right){\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}\left(C{\prime }_{•}\right)\right)\to H_n\left(C_{•}{\otimes }_{R}C{\prime }_{•}\right)\to {\oplus }_k{\mathrm{Tor}}_1^R(H_k\left(C_{•}\right),H_{n-k-1}\left(C{\prime }_{•}\right))\to 0.$$0 \to \oplus_k \left( H_k\left(C_\bullet\right) \otimes_R H_{n-k}\left(C'_\bullet\right) \right) \to H_n\left( C_\bullet \otimes_R C'_\bullet \right) \to \oplus_k Tor_1^R\left(H_k\left(C_\bullet\right), H_{n-k-1}\left(C'_\bullet\right)\right) \to 0 \,.

This appears for instance as (Hatcher, theorem 3B.5).

Remark

In the special case that $C\prime$ is concentrated in degree 0, this is the universal coefficient theorem in ordinary homology.

Remark

In particular if all the Tor-groups on the right vanish, then the theorem asserts an isomorphism

$${\oplus }_k\left(H_k\left(C_{•}\right){\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}\left(C{\prime }_{•}\right)\right)\stackrel{\simeq }{\to }{H}_n\left(C_{•}{\otimes }_{R}C{\prime }_{•}\right).$$\oplus_k \left( H_k\left(C_\bullet\right) \otimes_R H_{n-k}\left(C'_\bullet\right) \right) \stackrel{\simeq}{\to} H_n\left( C_\bullet \otimes_R C'_\bullet \right) \,.

This is the case (assuming the axiom of choice) notably if $R$ is a field (since every module over a field is a free module – every vector space has a basis – and every free module is a flat module).

Proof

of theorem 2

Notice that since $C_k$ is assumed to be free, hence a direct sum of $R$ with itself, since the tensor product of modules distributes over direct sums, and since chain homology respects direct sums, we have

(1)$$H_n(C_k{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )\simeq C_k{\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}(C{\prime }_{•}).$$H_n(C_k \otimes_R C') \simeq C_k \otimes_R H_{n-k}(C'_\bullet) \,.

First consider now the special case that all the differentials of $C_{•}$ are zero, so that $H_k(C_{•})=C_k$. In this case (1) yields $H_n(C_k{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )\simeq H_k(C_{•}){\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}(C{\prime }_{•})$ and therefore

$$\begin{array}{rl}{H}_n(C{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )& \simeq H_n({\oplus }_k{C}_k{\otimes }_{R}C\prime ))\\ & \simeq {\oplus }_k{H}_n(C_k{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )\\ & \simeq {\oplus }_k{H}_k(C_{•}){\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}(C{\prime }_{•})\end{array}.$$\begin{aligned} H_n(C \otimes_R C') &\simeq H_n(\oplus_k C_k \otimes_R C' )) \\ & \simeq \oplus_k H_n( C_k \otimes_R C' ) \\ & \simeq \oplus_k H_k(C_\bullet) \otimes_R H_{n-k}(C'_\bullet) \end{aligned} \,.

Since $H_k(C)=C_k$ is a free module by assumption, it has no Tor-terms (by the discussion there) and hence this is the statement to be shown.

Now let $C_{•}$ be a general chain complex of free modules. Notice that for each $n$ the cycle-chain-boundary-short exact sequence

$$0\to Z_{n-k}\hookrightarrow C_{n-k}\stackrel{{\partial }_{n-k-1}}{\to }{B}_{n-1}\to 0$$0 \to Z_{n-k} \hookrightarrow C_{n-k} \stackrel{\partial_{n-k-1}}{\to} B_{n-1} \to 0

splits due to the assumption that $C_n$ is a free module, and hence (as discussed at split exact sequence) that it exhibits a direct sum decomposition $C_n\simeq Z_n\oplus B_{n-1}$. Since the tensor product of modules distributes over direct sum, it follows that tensoring with any $C{\prime }_k$ yields another short exact sequence

$$0\to Z_{n-k}{\otimes }_{R}C{\prime }_k\to C_{n-k}{\otimes }_{R}C{\prime }_k\to B_{n-k-1}{\otimes }_{R}C{\prime }_k\to 0.$$0 \to Z_{n-k} \otimes_R C'_k \to C_{n-k} \otimes_R C'_k \to B_{n-k-1} \otimes_R C'_k \to 0 \,.

This means that if we regard the graded modules $Z_{•}$ and $B_{•}$ of chains and of boundaries as chain complexes with zero-differentials, then we have a short exact sequence of chain complexes

$$0\to Z_{•}{\otimes }_{R}C{\prime }_{•}\to C_{•}{\otimes }_{R}C{\prime }_{•}\to B_{•-1}{\otimes }_{R}C{\prime }_{•}\to 0.$$0 \to Z_\bullet \otimes_R C'_\bullet \to C_\bullet \otimes_R C'_\bullet \to B_{\bullet-1}\otimes_R C'_\bullet \to 0 \,.

This induces its homology long exact sequence of the form

$$\cdots \to H_n(Z{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )\to H_n(C{\times }_{R}C\prime )\to H_{n-1}(B{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )\to H_{n-1}(Z{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )\to \cdots .$$\cdots \to H_n( Z \otimes_R C') \to H_n( C \times_R C' ) \to H_{n-1}( B \otimes_R C' ) \to H_{n-1}( Z \otimes_R C' ) \to \cdots \,.

Here the terms involving the complexes $B$ and $Z$ of boundaries and cycles may be evalutated, since these have zero differentials, via the special case discussed at the beginning of this proof to yield the long exact sequence

$$\cdots \stackrel{i_n{\otimes }_{R}C\prime }{\to }{\oplus }_k(Z_k{\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}(C\prime ))\to H_n(C{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )\to {\oplus }_k(B_k{\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k-1}(C\prime ))\stackrel{i_{n-1}}{\to }{\oplus }_k(Z_k{\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k-1}(C\prime ))\to \cdots ,$$\cdots \stackrel{i_n \otimes_R C'}{\to} \oplus_k ( Z_k \otimes_R H_{n-k}(C') ) \to H_n(C \otimes_R C') \to \oplus_{k}( B_k \otimes_R H_{n-k-1}(C') ) \stackrel{i_{n-1}}{\to} \oplus_k ( Z_k \otimes_R H_{n-k-1}(C') ) \to \cdots \,,

where $i_n≔H_n(i\otimes C\prime )$ is the morphism induced from the inclusion $i:B_{•}\hookrightarrow Z_{•}$ of boundaries into cycles.

This means that by quotienting out an image on the left and a kernel on the right, we obtain a short exact sequence

$$0\to \mathrm{coker}(i_n)\to H_n(C{\otimes }_{R}C\prime )\to \ker (i_{n-1})\to 0.$$0 \to coker(i_n) \to H_n(C \otimes_R C') \to ker(i_{n-1}) \to 0 \,.

Since the tensor product of modules is a right exact functor it commutes with the cokernel on the left, as does the formation of direct sums, and so we have

$$\mathrm{coker}\left({\oplus }_k(B_k{\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}(C\prime )\stackrel{i_k\otimes H_{n-k}(C\prime )}{\to }{Z}_k{\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}(C\prime ))\right)\simeq {\oplus }_k\left((\mathrm{coker}\left(B_k\stackrel{i_k}{\to }{Z}_k\right){\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}(C\prime ))\right)\simeq {\oplus }_k\left(H_k\left(C\right){\otimes }_R{H}_{n-k}(C\prime )\right).$$coker\left( \oplus_k \left( B_k \otimes_R H_{n-k}(C') \stackrel{i_k \otimes H_{n-k}\left(C'\right)}{\to} Z_k \otimes_R H_{n-k}\left(C'\right) \right)\right) \simeq \oplus_k \left( \left( coker\left(B_k \stackrel{i_k}{\to} Z_k\right) \otimes_R H_{n-k}(C') \right) \right) \simeq \oplus_k \left( H_k\left(C\right) \otimes_R H_{n-k}\left(C'\right) \right) \,.

This is the left term in the short exact sequence to be shown. For the right term the analogous argument does not quite go through, because tensoring is not in addition a left exact functor, in general. The failure to be so is precisely measured by the Tor-module:

Notice that by the assumption that $C_n$ is free and using the fact (discussed at principal ideal domain) that over our $R$ the submodules $B_n,Z_n\hookrightarrow C_n$ are themselves free modules, the defining short exact sequence $0\to B_n\stackrel{i_n}{\to }{Z}_n\to H_n(C)\to 0$ exhibits a projective resolution of $H_n(C)$. Therefore by definition of Tor we have

$${\mathrm{Tor}}_1(H_k(C),H_{n-k}(C\prime ))\simeq \ker (i_k\otimes H_{n-k}(C\prime )).$$Tor_1(H_k(C), H_{n-k}(C')) \simeq ker\left( i_k \otimes H_{n-k}(C') \right) \,.

This identifies the term on the right of the exact sequence to be shown.

Over general rings

For $R$ any ring, there is a spectral sequence converging to the homology of the tensor product, whose second page involves all the Tor-modules: the Künneth spectral sequence

$$E_{p,q}^2≔{\oplus }_{k_1+k_2=q}{\mathrm{Tor}}_p^{R\mathrm{Mod}}(H_{k_1}(C){\otimes }_R{H}_{k_2}(C\prime ))\Rightarrow H_{p+q}(C\otimes C\prime )$$E_{p,q}^2 \coloneqq \oplus_{k_1 + k_2 = q} Tor_p^{R Mod}( H_{k_1}(C) \otimes_R H_{k_2}(C')) \Rightarrow H_{p+q}(C \otimes C')

(…)

For instance (Williams, section 4.2).

In Generalised cohomology theories

The Künneth theorem for generalised cohomology theories is a special case of the universal coefficient theorem. Let $E$ be a ring spectrum, $X$ and $Y$ two spectra. Then we define a new cohomology theory as the $E$-module spectrum $G≔F(Y,E)$ where $F(-,-)$ is the function spectrum (that is, the internal hom in the category of spectra). The (reduced) cohomology of $X$ in this cohomology theory is thus given by:

$$G^{*}(X)=[X,F(Y,E)]=[X\wedge Y,E]=E^{*}(X\wedge Y)$$G^*(X) = [X,F(Y,E)] = [X \wedge Y,E] = E^*(X \wedge Y)

A universal coefficient theorem gives a way of computing $G^{*}(X)$ from knowledge of $E^{*}(X)$ and $G^{*}(\mathrm{pt})$. In this case, $G^{*}(\mathrm{pt})=E^{*}(Y)$ so our initial data is $E^{*}(X)$ and $E^{*}(Y)$.

For more details, see the page on the universal coefficient theorem.

Examples

For singular homology of products of topoligical spaces

All of these statements have their analogs for singular homology of topological spaces $X,Y\in$ Top: by the Eilenberg-Zilber theorem there is a quasi-isomorphism

$$C_{•}(X\times Y){\simeq }_{\mathrm{qi}}{C}_{•}(X)\otimes C_{•}(Y)$$C_\bullet(X \times Y) \simeq_{qi} C_\bullet(X) \otimes C_\bullet(Y)

between the singular chain complex of the product space? and the tensor product of chain complexes of the separate singular chain complexes. Hence in particular there are isomorphisms in singular cohomology

$$H_n(X\times Y)\simeq H_n(C_{•}(X)\otimes X_{•}(Y)).$$H_n(X \times Y) \simeq H_n(C_\bullet(X) \otimes X_\bullet(Y)) \,.

Using this in the above statements of the Künneth theorem yields directly the Künneth theorem for singular homology of topological spaces.

Related concepts

• Eilenberg-Zilber theorem

References

In ordinary (co)homology

The original articles are

• H. Künneth, Über die Bettische Zahlen einer Produktmannigfaltigkeit Math. Ann. , 90 (1923) pp. 65–85

• H. Künneth, Über die Torsionszahlen von Produktmannigfaltigkeiten Math. Ann. , 91 (1924) pp. 125–134

Lecture notes include

• Rob Thompson, Products and the Künneth theorem (pdf)

Section 3.B of

• Alan Hatcher, Algebraic topology

Section 4.2 in

• Brandon Williams, Spectral sequences (pdf)

In generalized (co)homology

See the corresponding references at universal coefficient theorem,