Contents

category theory

# Contents

The nerve is the right adjoint of a pair of adjoint functors that exists in many situations. For the general abstract theory behind this see

## Idea

As soon as any locally small category $C$ comes equipped with a cosimplicial object

$\Delta_C : \Delta \to C$

that we may think of as determining a realization of the standard $n$-simplex in $C$, we make every object of $C$ probeable by simplices in that there is now a way to find the set

$N(A)_n := Hom_C(\Delta_C[n],A)$

of ways to map the $n$-simplex into a given object $A$.

These collections of sets evidently organize into a simplicial set

$N(A) : \Delta^{op} \to Set \,.$

This simplicial set is called the nerve of $A$ (with respect to the chosen realization of the standard simplices in $C$). Typically the nerve defines a functor $N \colon C \to Set^{\Delta^op}$ that has a left adjoint $|\cdot| \colon Set^{\Delta^op} \to C$ called realization.

There are many generalizations of this procedure, some of which are described below.

## Definition

(notice that for the moment the following gives just one particular case of the more general notion of nerve)

Let $S$ be one of the categories of geometric shapes for higher structures, such as the globe category $G$, the simplex category $\Delta$, the cube category $\Box$, the cycle category $\Lambda$ of Connes, or certain category $\Omega$ related to trees whose corresponding presheaves are dendroidal sets.

If $C$ is any locally small category or, more generally, a $V$-enriched category equipped with a functor

$i : S \to C$

we obtain a functor

$N : C \to V^{S^{op}}$

from $C$ to globular sets or simplicial sets or cubical sets, respectively, (or the corresponding $V$-objects) given on an object $c \in C$ by the restricted Yoneda embedding

$N_i(c) : S^{op} \stackrel{i}\to C^{op} \stackrel{C(-,c)}{\to} V \,.$

This $N_i(c)$ is the nerve of $c$ with respect to the chosen $i : S \to C$. In other words, $N = i^* \circ Y$ where $Y: C \to [C^{op}, V]$ is the curried Hom functor; if $V=\mathsf{Sets}$ then $Y$ is the Yoneda embedding.

Typically, one wants that $i$ is dense functor, i.e. that every object $c$ of $C$ is canonically a colimit of a diagram of objects in $M$, more precisely,

$\mathrm{colim}((i/c)\stackrel{\mathrm{pr}_S}{\longrightarrow} S \stackrel{i}{\to} C) = c,$

which is equivalent to the requirement that the corresponding nerve functor is fully faithful (in other words, if $i$ is inclusion then $S$ is a left adequate subcategory of $C$ in terminology of Isbell 60). The nerve functor may be viewed as a singular functor? of the functor $i$.

## Examples

### Nerve of a 1-category

For fixing notation, recall that the source and target maps of a small category form a span in the category $Span(Set)$ where composition is given by a pullback (fiber product). The pairs of composable morphisms of a category are then obtained composing its source/target span with itself.

###### Definition

A small category $\mathcal{C}_\bullet$ is

• a pair of sets $\mathcal{C}_0 \in Set$ (the set of objects) and $\mathcal{C}_1 \in Set$ (the set of morphisms)

• equipped with functions

$\array{ \mathcal{C}_1 \times_{\mathcal{C}_0} \mathcal{C}_1 &\stackrel{\circ}{\to}& \mathcal{C}_1 & \stackrel{\overset{t}{\to}}{\stackrel{\overset{i}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{s}{\to}}}& \mathcal{C}_0 }\,,$

where the fiber product on the left is that over $\mathcal{C}_1 \stackrel{t}{\to} \mathcal{C}_0 \stackrel{s}{\leftarrow} \mathcal{C}_1$,

such that

• $i$ takes values in endomorphisms;

$t \circ i = s \circ i = id_{\mathcal{G}_0}, \;\;\;$
• $\circ$ defines a partial composition operation which is associative and unital for $i(\mathcal{C}_0)$ the identities; in particular

$s (g \circ f) = s(f)$ and $t (g \circ f) = t(g)$.

#### Definition

###### Definition

For $\mathcal{C}_\bullet$ a small category, def. , its simplicial nerve $N(\mathcal{C}_\bullet)_\bullet$ is the simplicial set with

$N(\mathcal{C}_\bullet)_n \coloneqq \mathcal{C}_1^{\times_{\mathcal{C}_0}^n}$

the set of sequences of composable morphisms of length $n$, for $n \in \mathbb{N}$;

with face maps

$d_k \colon N(\mathcal{C}_\bullet)_{n+1} \to N(\mathcal{C}_\bullet)_{n}$

being

• for $n = 0$, $d_0= target:arr(\mathcal{C})\to ob(\mathcal{C})$, whilst $d_1$ is similarly the domain / source function;

• for $n \geq 1$

• the two outer face maps $d_0$ and $d_{n+1}$ are given by forgetting the first and the last morphism in such a sequence, respectively;

• the $n$ inner face maps $d_{0 \lt k \lt n+1}$ are given by composing the $k$th morphism with the $k+1$st in the sequence.

The degeneracy maps

$s_k \colon N(\mathcal{C}_\bullet)n \to N(\mathcal{C}_\bullet)_{n+1} \,.$

are given by inserting an identity morphism on $x_k$.

###### Remark

Spelling this out in more detail: write

$\mathcal{C}_n = \left\{ x_0 \stackrel{f_{0,1}}{\to} x_1 \stackrel{f_{1,2}}{\to} x_2 \stackrel{f_{2,3}}{\to} \cdots \stackrel{f_{n-1,n}}{\to} x_n \right\}$

for the set of sequences of $n$ composable morphisms. Given any element of this set and $0 \lt k \lt n$, write

$f_{i-1,i+1} \coloneqq f_{i,i+1} \circ f_{i-1,i}$

for the composition of the two morphism that share the $i$th vertex.

With this, face map $d_k$ acts simply by “removing the index $k$”:

$d_0 \colon (x_0 \stackrel{f_{0,1}}{\to} x_1 \stackrel{f_{1,2}}{\to} x_{2} \cdots \stackrel{f_{n-1,n}}{\to} x_n ) \mapsto (x_1 \stackrel{f_{1,2}}{\to} x_{2} \cdots \stackrel{f_{n-1,n}}{\to} x_n )$
$d_{0\lt k \lt n} \colon ( x_0 \cdots \stackrel{}{\to} x_{k-1} \stackrel{f_{k-1,k}}{\to} x_k \stackrel{f_{k,k+1}}{\to} x_{k+1} \stackrel{}{\to} \cdots x_n ) \mapsto ( x_0 \cdots \stackrel{}{\to} x_{k-1} \stackrel{f_{k-1,k+1}}{\to} x_{k+1} \stackrel{}{\to} \cdots x_n )$
$d_n \colon ( x_0 \stackrel{f_{0,1}}{\to} \cdots \stackrel{f_{n-2,n-1}}{\to} x_{n-1} \stackrel{f_{n-1,n}}{\to} x_n ) \mapsto ( x_0 \stackrel{f_{0,1}}{\to} \cdots \stackrel{f_{n-2,n-1}}{\to} x_{n-1} ) \,.$

Similarly, writing

$f_{k,k} \coloneqq id_{x_k}$

for the identity morphism on the object $x_k$, then the degeneracy map acts by “repeating the $k$th index”

$s_k \colon ( x_0 \stackrel{}{\to} \cdots \to x_k \stackrel{f_{k,k+1}}{\to} x_{k+1} \to \cdots ) \mapsto ( x_0 \stackrel{}{\to} \cdots \to x_k \stackrel{f_{k,k}}{\to} x_k \stackrel{f_{k,k+1}}{\to} x_{k+1} \to \cdots ) \,.$

This makes it manifest that these functions organise into a simplicial set.

More abstractly, this construction is described as follows. Recall that

###### Definition

The simplex category $\Delta$ is equivalent to the full subcategory

$i \colon \Delta \hookrightarrow Cat$

of Cat on non-empty finite linear orders regarded as categories, meaning that the object $[n] \in Obj(\Delta)$ may be identified with the category $[n] = \{0 \to 1 \to 2 \to \cdots \to n\}$. The morphisms of $\Delta$ are all functors between these total linear categories.

###### Definition

For $\mathcal{C}$ a small category its nerve $N(\mathcal{C})$ is the simplicial set given by

$N(\mathcal{C}) \colon \Delta^{op} \hookrightarrow Cat^{op} \stackrel{Cat(-,\mathcal{C})}{\to} Set \,,$

where Cat is regarded as a 1-category with objects locally small categories, and morphisms being functors between these.

So the set $N(\mathcal{C})_n$ of $n$-simplices of the nerve is the set of functors $\{0 \to 1 \to \cdots \to n\} \to \mathcal{C}$. This is clearly the same as the set of sequences of composable morphisms in $\mathcal{C}$ of length $n$ obtained by iterated fiber product (as above for pairs of composables):

$N(\mathcal{C})_n = \underbrace{ Mor(\mathcal{C}) \times_{Obj(\mathcal{C})} Mor(\mathcal{C}) \times_{Obj(\mathcal{C})} \cdots \times_{Obj(\mathcal{C})} Mor(\mathcal{C}) }_{n \medspace factors}$

The collection of all functors between linear orders

$\{ 0 \to 1 \to \cdots \to n \} \to \{ 0 \to 1 \to \cdots \to m \}$

is generated from those that map almost all generating morphisms $k \to k+1$ to another generating morphism, except at one position, where they

• map a single generating morphism to the composite of two generating morphisms

$\delta^n_i : [n-1] \to [n]$
$\delta^n_i : ((i-1) \to i) \mapsto ((i-1) \to i \to (i+1))$
• map one generating morphism to an identity morphism

$\sigma^n_i : [n+1] \to [n]$
$\sigma^n_i : (i \to i+1) \mapsto Id_i$

It follows that, for instance

• for $(d_0 \stackrel{f_1}{\to} d_1, d_1 \stackrel{f_2}{\to} d_2, d_2 \stackrel{f_3}{\to} d_3) \in N(D)_3$ the image under $d_1 := N(\mathcal{C})(\delta_1) : N(\mathcal{C})_3 \to N(\mathcal{C})_2$ is obtained by composing the first two morphisms in this sequence: $(d_0 \stackrel{f_2 \circ f_1}{\to} d_2, d_2 \stackrel{f_3}{\to} d_3) \in N(\mathcal{C})_2$

• for $(d_0 \stackrel{f_1}{\to} d_1) \in N(\mathcal{C})_1$ the image under $s_1 := N(\mathcal{C})(\sigma_1) : N(\mathcal{C})_1 \to N(\mathcal{C})_2$ is obtained by inserting an identity morphism: $(d_0 \stackrel{f_1}{\to} d_1, d_1 \stackrel{Id_{d_1}}{\to} d_1) \in N(\mathcal{C})_2$.

In this way, generally the face and degeneracy maps of the nerve of a category come from composition of morphisms and from inserting identity morphisms.

In particular in light of their generalization to nerves of higher categories, discussed below, the cells in the nerve $N(\mathcal{C})$ have the following interpretation:

• $N(\mathcal{C})_0 = \{d | d \in Obj(\mathcal{C})\}$ is the collection of objects of $\mathcal{C}$;

• $N(\mathcal{C})_1 = Mor(\mathcal{C}) = \{d \stackrel{f}{\to} d' | f \in Mor(D)\}$ is the collection of morphisms of $D$;

• $N(\mathcal{C})_2 = \left\{ \left. \array{ && d_1 \\ & {}^{f_1}\nearrow &\Downarrow^{\exists !}& \searrow^{f_2} \\ d_0 &&\stackrel{f_2 \circ f_1}{\to}&& d_2 } \right| (f_1, f_2) \in Mor(D) {}_t \times_s Mor(D) \right\}$ is the collection of composable morphisms in $\mathcal{C}$ as in the diagram The 2-cell itself is to be read as the composition operation, which is unique for an ordinary category (there is just one way to compose two morphisms);

• $N(\mathcal{C})_3 = \left\{ \left. \array{ d_1 &\stackrel{f_2}{\to}& d_2 \\ {}^{f_1}\uparrow & {}^{f_2 \circ f_1}\nearrow & \downarrow^{f_3} \\ d_0 &\stackrel{f_3\circ (f_2\circ f_1)}{\to}& d_3 } \;\;\;\;\;\stackrel{\exists !}{\Rightarrow} \;\;\;\;\; \array{ d_1 &\stackrel{f_2}{\to}& d_2 \\ {}^{f_1}\uparrow & \searrow^{f_3\circ f_2} & \downarrow^{f_3} \\ d_0 &\stackrel{(f_3\circ f_2) \circ f_1}{\to}& d_3 } \right| (f_3,f_2, f_1) \in Mor(D) {}_t \times_s Mor(D) {}_t \times_s Mor(D) \right\}$ is the collection of triples of composable morphisms as in the diagram to be read as the unique associators that relate one way to compose three morphisms using the above 2-cells to the other way.

#### Examples

###### Example

(bar construction)

Let $A$ be a monoid (for instance a group) with multiplication $m$, and write $\mathbf{B} A$ for the corresponding one-object category with $Mor(\mathbf{B} A) = A$. Then the nerve $N(\mathbf{B} A)$ of $\mathbf{B}A$ is the simplicial set which is given by a two-sided bar construction of $A$, namely $B(1, A, 1)$:

$N(\mathbf{B}A) = \left( \cdots A \times A \stackrel{\to}{\stackrel{\to}{\to}} A \stackrel{\to}{\to} {*} \right)$

where for example the three parallel face maps on display are $\pi_1, m, \pi_2: A \times A \to A$.

In particular, when $A = G$ is a discrete group, then the geometric realization $|N(\mathbf{B} G)|$ of the nerve of $\mathbf{B}G$ is the classifying topological space $\cdots \simeq B G$ for $G$-principal bundles.

#### Properties

The following lists some characteristic properties of simplicial sets that are nerves of categories.

###### Proposition

A simplicial set is the nerve of a category precisely if it satisfies the Segal condition.

See at Segal condition for more on this.

###### Proposition

A simplicial set is the nerve of a small category precisely if all inner horns have unique fillers.

See inner fibration for details on this.

###### Proposition

A simplicial set is the nerve of a groupoid precisely if all horns of dimension $\gt 1$ have unique fillers.

###### Proposition

The nerve $N(C)$ of a category is 2-coskeletal.

Hence all horn inclusions $\Lambda[n]_i \hookrightarrow \Delta[n]$ have unique fillers for $n \gt 3$, and all boundary inclusions $\partial \Delta[n] \hookrightarrow \Delta[n]$ have unique fillers for $n \geq 3$.

Here the point as compared to the previous statements is that in particular all the outer horns have fillers for $n \gt 3$.

###### Proposition

The nerve $N(C)$ of a small category is a Kan complex precisely if $C$ is a groupoid.

The existence of inverse morphisms in $C$ corresponds to the fact that in the Kan complex $N(C)$ the “outer” horns

$\array{ && d_0 \\ & && \searrow^{f} \\ d_1 &&\stackrel{Id_{d_1}}{\to} && d_1 } \;\;\; \;\;\; and \;\;\; \;\;\; \array{ && d_1 \\ & {}^f\nearrow && \\ d_0 &&\stackrel{Id_{d_0}}{\to} && d_1 }$

have fillers

$\array{ && d_0 \\ & {}^{f^{-1}}\nearrow&& \searrow^{f} \\ d_1 &&\stackrel{Id_{d_1}}{\to} && d_1 } \;\;\; \;\;\; and \;\;\; \;\;\; \array{ && d_1 \\ & {}^f\nearrow && \searrow^{f^{-1}} \\ d_0 &&\stackrel{Id_{d_0}}{\to} && d_0 }$

(even unique fillers, due to the above).

It suggests the sense that a Kan complex models an ∞-groupoid. The possible lack of uniqueness of fillers in general gives the ‘weakness’ needed, whilst the lack of a coskeletal property requirement means that the homotopy type it represents has enough generality, not being constrained to be a 1-type.

###### Proposition

The nerve functor

$N : Cat \to SSet$

So functors between locally small categories are in bijection with morphisms of simplicial sets between their nerves.

###### Proposition

A simplicial set $S$ is the nerve of a locally small category $C$ precisely if it satisfies the Segal conditions: precisely if all the commuting squares

$\array{ S_{n+m} &\stackrel{\cdots \circ d_0 \circ d_0}{\to}& S_m \\ {}^{\cdots d_{n+m-1}\circ d_{n+m}}\downarrow && \downarrow \\ S_n &\stackrel{d_0 \circ \cdots d_0}{\to}& S_0 }$

are pullback diagrams.

Unwrapping this definition inductively in $(n+m)$, this says that a simplicial set is the nerve of a category if and only if all its cells in degree $\geq 2$ are unique compositors, associators, pentagonators, etc of composition of 1-morphisms. No non-trivial such structure cells appear and no further higher cells appear.

This characterization of categories in terms of nerves directly leads to the model of (∞,1)-category in terms of complete Segal spaces by replacing in the above discussion sets by topological spaces (or something similar, like Kan complexes) and pullbacks by homotopy pullbacks.

### Nerve of a 2-category

For 2-categories modeled as bicategories the nerve operation is called the Duskin nerve.

###### Proposition

A simplicial set is the Duskin nerve of a bigroupoid precisely if it is a 2-hypergroupoid: a Kan complex such that the horn fillers in dimension $\geq 3$ are unique.

This is theorem 8.6 in (Duskin)

For a 2-category, regarded as a Cat-internal category one can apply the nerve operation for categories in stages, to obtain the double nerve.

### Nerve of a 3-category

One also has a nerve operation for 3-categories modeled as tricategories: the Street nerve.

###### Proposition

A simplicial set is the Street nerve of a trigroupoid? precisely if it is a 3-hypergroupoid: a Kan complex such that the horn fillers in dimension $\geq 4$ are unique.

This is the main result of (Carrasco, 2014).

### Nerve of chain complexes

Let $Ch_+$ be the category of chain complexes of abelian groups, then there is a cosimplicial chain complex

$C_\bullet : \Delta \to Ch_+$

given by sending the standard $n$-simplex $\Delta[n]$ first to the free simplicial group $F(\Delta[n])$ over it and then that to the normalized Moore complex. This is a small version of the ordinary homology chain complex of the standard $n$-simplex.

The nerve induced by this cosimplicial object was first considered in

• D. Kan, Functors involving c.s.s complexes, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 87, No. 2 (Mar., 1958), pp. 330–346 (jstor)

The nerve/realization adjunction induced from this is the Dold?Kan correspondence?. See there for more details.

## Remarks

### Geometric realization

Often the operation of taking the nerve of a (higher) category is followed by forming the geometric realization of the corresponding cellular set.

### Nerves and higher categories

For many purposes it is convenient to conceive categories and especially ∞-categories entirely in terms of their nerves: those simplicial sets that arise as certain nerves are usually characterized by certain properties. So one can turn this around and define an ∞-category as a simplicial set with certain properties. This is the strategy of a geometric definition of higher category. Examples for this are complicial sets, Kan complexes, quasi-categories, simplicial T-complexes,…

### Internal nerve

A variant of the nerve construction can also be applied internally within a category, to any internal category, see the discussion at internal category.

## Properties

### (Non-)Preservation of colimits

While the nerve operation is a right adjoint (this Prop.) and hence preserves all limits, the nerve operation does not preserve all colimits (Exp. ), hence is not a left adjoint.

However, it does preserve some colimits (Exp. ); rather special ones, but of central importance in the theory of classifying spaces constructed via geometric realization of simplicial topological spaces (Exp. ).

(In the following Exp. we use “card” instead of the more common notation “${\vert - \vert}$” for cardinality (of underlying sets) in order not to clash with the notation for geometric realization, even if the latter is not directly involved in the following examples.)

###### Example

(Nerve does not preserve quotients of delooping groupoids by normal subgroups)
Let $H \hookrightarrow G \twoheadrightarrow G/N$ be the inclusion of a non-trivial normal subgroup $H$ of a finite group $G$, with its quotient group denoted $G/H$.

Then the cardinalities of the $n$th component sets of the nerves

$N \;\colon\; Grpd \longrightarrow sSet$

of their delooping groupoids

$\mathbf{B}(-) \;\colon\; Grp \longrightarrow Grpd$

satisfy, from degree $n \geq 2$ on, an inequality relation:

$n \geq 2 \;\;\;\;\;\;\; \Rightarrow \;\;\;\;\;\;\; card \Big( \big( N \mathbf{B} G \big)_n / H \Big) \;=\; \frac{ card(G)^n } { card(H) } \;\; \gt \;\; \frac{ card(G)^n } { card(H)^n } \;=\; card \Big( \big( N \mathbf{B} (G/H) \big)_n \Big) \,.$

But this means that it is impossible for there to be an isomorphism (namely a degree-wise bijection) from $N(\mathbf{B}G)/H$ to $N\big(\mathbf{B}(G/H)\big)$, and hence that it is impossible for the nerve operation to preserve the colimit which is the quotient by the $H$-action.

###### Example

(nerve does preserve canonical quotients of chaotic groupoids of groups)
For $G \,\in\, Grp(Set)$ a (discrete) group, write

• $\mathbf{B}G \;\coloneqq\; \big( G \rightrightarrows \ast\big)$ for its delooping groupoid;

• $\mathbf{E}G \;\coloneqq\; \big( G \times G \rightrightarrows G \big)$ for its pair groupoid equipped with the usual left $G$-action (discussed there),

so that the quotient coprojection of this action is

(1)$\mathbf{E}G \xrightarrow{\;\;} (\mathbf{E}G)/G \;=\; \mathbf{B}G \,.$

Noticing that the nerve of $\mathbf{E}G$ (which is the universal principal simplicial complex $N(\mathbf{E}G) \,=\, W G$) has component sets

$N(\mathbf{E}G)_n \;=\; \big\{ (g_n, g_{n-1}, \cdots, g_0) \;\in\; G^{\times_{n+1}} \big\}$

with the $G$ action given degreewise by left-multiplication on just the leftmost factor (see also this exp.), we have

$\big( N(\mathbf{E}G)_n \big)/G \;\simeq\; \big\{ (g_{n-1}, \cdots, g_0) \;\in\; G^{\times_{n+}} \big\} \;=\; N(\mathbf{B}G)_n$

and hence here the nerve operation does preserve the quotient coprojection (1):

$W G \;=\; N(\mathbf{E}G) \xrightarrow{\;\;} \big(N(\mathbf{E}G)\big)/G \simeq N\big( (\mathbf{E}G)/G \big) \;=\; N\big( \mathbf{B}G \big) \;=\; \overline{W} G \,.$

The result is the universal simplicial principal bundle of $G \,\in\, Grp(Set) \xhookrightarrow{Grp(Disc)} Grp(sSet)$ regarded as a simplicial group.

###### Remark

The joint relevance of Exp. and Exp. has been highlighted in Guillou, May & Merling 2017 (corresponding there to Exp. 2.9 and Lem. 2.10 – but Exp. 2.9 seems a little broken (?) while Lem. 2.10 does not quite get around to discussing the quotienting, for which it seems to be quoted later on).

The principle behind Exp. is readily seen to be, more generally, the following:

###### Example

(nerve preserves left quotients of right action groupoids)
For $G_L, G_R \,\in\, Grp(Set)$ a pair of groups, let $X \in (G_L \times G^{op}_R) Act(Set)$ be a set equipped with a left action of $G_L$ and a commuting right action of $G_R$.

Then the action groupoid of the right $G_R$-action inherits the residual $G_L$-action

$\big( X \times G_R \underoverset {(-)\cdot(-)} {pr_1} {\rightrightarrows} X \big) \;\; \in \;\; G_L Act\big( Grpd \big)$

and the quotient by this left action is preserved by the nerve operation:

$\Big( N \big( X \times G_R \underoverset {(-)\cdot(-)} {pr_1} {\rightrightarrows} X \big) \Big) /G_L \;\simeq\; N \Big( \big( X \times G_R \underoverset {(-)\cdot(-)} {pr_1} {\rightrightarrows} X \big)/ G_L \Big) \,.$

## References

### For covers

The notion of the nerve of a cover (in modern parlance: of its Cech groupoid) appears in:

• Paul Alexandroff, Section 9 of: Über den allgemeinen Dimensionsbegriff und seine Beziehungen zur elementaren geometrischen Anschauung, Mathematische Annalen 98 (1928), 617–635 (doi:10.1007/BF01451612).

### For categories

The notion of the nerve of a general category already appears in

• Alexander Grothendieck, above Proposition 4.1 of: Techniques de construction et théorèmes d’existence en géométrie algébrique III : préschémas quotients, Séminaire Bourbaki : années 1960/61, exposés 205-222, Séminaire Bourbaki, no. 6 (1961), Exposé no. 212, (numdam:SB_1960-1961__6__99_0, pdf)

Another early appearance in print is:

Review and exposition:

### For higher categories

For 2-categories:

For 3-categories:

• Pilar Carrasco, Nerves of Trigroupoids as Duskin-Glenn’s $3$-Hypergroupoids, Applied Categorical Structures 23.5 (2015): 673-707 (doi:10.1007/s10485-014-9374-7)

Last revised on August 31, 2021 at 15:49:04. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.