nLab
internal category

Idea

The notion of a category can be formulated internal to any other category with enough pullbacks.

By regarding groups as pointed connected (delooping) groupoids, this generalizes the notion of internal groups.

An ordinary small category is a category internal to Set.

There is a more general notion of an internal category in a monoidal category, where the pullbacks are replaced by cotensor products.

Definition

Internal category

Let $A$ be a category with pullbacks. A category internal to $A$ consists of

• an object of objects $C_0 \in A$;

• an object of morphisms $C_1 \in A$;

together with

• source and target morphisms $s,t: C_1 \to C_0$;

• an identity-assigning morphism $e: C_0 \to C_1$;

• a composition morphism $c: C_1 \times_{C_0} C_1 \to C_1$;

such that the following diagrams commute, expressing the usual category laws:

• laws specifying the source and target of identity morphisms:

$$\array{ C_0 & \stackrel{e}{\to} & C_1 \\ {} & 1\searrow & \darr s \\ {} & {} & C_0 } \quad\quad\quad\quad \array{ C_0 & \stackrel{e}{\to} & C_1 \\ {} & 1\searrow & \darr t \\ {} & {} & C_0 }$$

• laws specifying the source and target of composite morphisms:

$$\array{ C_1 \times_{C_0} C_1 & \stackrel{c}{\to} & C_1 \\ {}^{p_1}\downarrow & {} & \downarrow^{s} \\ C_1 & \stackrel{s}{\to} & C_0 } \quad\quad\quad\quad \array{ C_1 \times_{C_0} C_1 & \stackrel{c}{\to} & C_1 \\ {}^{p_2}\downarrow & {} & \downarrow^{t} \\ C_1 & \stackrel{t}{\to} & C_0 }$$

• the associative law for composition of morphisms:

• the left and right unit laws for composition of morphisms:

$$\array{ C_0 \times_{C_0} C_1 & \stackrel{e \times_{C_0} 1}{\to} & C_1 \times_{C_0} C_1 & \stackrel{1 \times_{C_0} e}{\leftarrow} & C_1 \times_{C_0} C_0 \\ {} & {}^{p_2}\searrow & \downarrow^{c} & \swarrow^{p_1} & {} \\ {} & {} & C_1 & {} & {} }$$

The relevant pullbacks and uniquely induced isomorphisms are formed as below:

$$\array{ C_1 \times_{C_0} C_1 & \stackrel{p_2}{\to} & C_1 \\ {}^{p_1}\downarrow & {} & \downarrow^{s} \\ C_1 & \stackrel{t}{\to} & C_0 }$$

Notice that inherent to this definition is the assumption that the pullbacks involved actually exist. This holds automatically when the ambient category $A$ has finite limits, but there are some important examples such as $A =\,$ Diff where this is not the case. Here it is helpful to assume simply that $s$ and $t$ have all pullbacks; in the case of $Diff$ this occurs if they are submersions.

Internal groupoid

A groupoid internal to $A$ is all of the above

• with a morphism

  $$C_1 \stackrel{i}{\to} C_1$$

• such that

  $$t = ( C_1 \stackrel{i}{\to} C_1 \stackrel{s}{\to} C_0 ),\;\;\;\; s = ( C_1 \stackrel{i}{\to} C_1 \stackrel{t}{\to} C_0 ).$$

• and

  $$\array{ C_1 &\stackrel{diag}{\to}& C_1\;{}_t \times_{C_0}{}_t C_1 &\stackrel{Id \times i}{\to}& C_1\;{}_t \times_{C_0}{}_s C_1 \\ \downarrow^s &&&& \; \downarrow^c \\ C_0 &&\stackrel{e}{\to}&& C_1 }$$

• and

  $$\array{ C_1 &\stackrel{diag}{\to}& C_1\;{}_s \times_{C_0}{}_s C_1 &\stackrel{i \times Id}{\to}& C_1\;{}_t \times_{C_0}{}_s C_1 \\ \downarrow^t &&&& \; \downarrow^c \\ C_0 &&\stackrel{e}{\to}&& C_1 }$$

Internal functors

Functors between internal categories are defined in a similar fashion. See functor. But if the ambient category does not satisfy the axiom of choice it is often better to use anafunctors instead; this makes sense when $C$ is a superextensive site.

Alternative definition

If $A$ has all pullbacks, then we can form the bicategory $Span(A)$ of spans in $A$. A category in $A$ is precisely a monad in $Span(A)$. The underlying 1-cell is given by the span $(s,t) : C_0 \leftarrow C_1 \to C_0$, and the pullback $C_1 \times_{C_0} C_1$ is the vertex of the composite span $(s,t) \circ (s,t)$. The morphisms $e$ and $c$ are required to be morphisms of spans, which is equivalent to imposing the source and target axioms above. Finally the unit and associativity axioms for monads imply those above.

This approach makes it easy to define the notion of internal profunctor.

Internal nerve

The notion of nerve of a small category can be generalised to give an internal nerve construction. For a small category, $D$, its nerve, $N(D)$, is a simplicial set whose set of $n$-simplices is the set of sequences of composable morphisms of length $n$ in $D$. This set can be given by a (multiple) pullback of copies of $D_1$. That description will carry across to give a nerve construction for an internal category.

If $C$ is an internal category in some category $A$, (which thus has, at least, the pullbacks required for the constructions to make sense),its nerve $N(C)$ (or if more precision is needed $N_{int}(C)$, or similar) is the simplicial object in $A$ with

• $N(C)_0 = C_0$, the ‘object of objects’ of $C$;
• $N(C)_1 = C_1$, the ‘object of arrows’ of $C$;
• $N(C)_2 = C_1 \times_{C_0} C_1$ the object of composable pairs of arrows of $C$;
• $N(C)_3 = C_1 \times_{C_0} C_1\times_{C_0} C_1$, the object of composable triples of arrows;

and so on. Face and degeneracy morphisms are induced from the structural moprhisms of $C$ in a fairly obvious way.

Internal functors between internal categories induce simplicial morphisms between the corresponding nerves.

Internal category in homotopy type theory

Discussion in homotopy type theory is at internal category in homotopy type theory.

Higher internal categories

One can also look at this in higher category theory and consider internal n-categories. See

• n-fold category

• internal infinity-groupoid

• internal (infinity,1)-category

• internal (infinity,n)-category

The general concept is that of an $(n \times k)$-category, which is an $n$-category internal to a $k$-category.

Examples

A small category is a category internal to Set. In this case, $C_0$ is a set of objects and $C_1$ is a set of morphisms and the pullback is a subset of the Cartesian product.

Historically, the motivating example was (apparently) the notion of Lie groupoids: a small Lie groupoid is a groupoid internal to the category Diff of smooth manifolds. This generalises immediately to a smooth category?. Similarly, a topological groupoid is a groupoid internal to Top. (Warning: the term ‘topological category’ usually means a topological concrete category, an unrelated notion. Sometimes a ‘topological category’ is defined to be a $Top$-enriched category, which is a special case of the internal definition if it is interpreted strictly and the collection of objects is small.) In these examples, $C_0$ is a “space of objects” and $C_1$ a “space of morphisms”.

Further examples:

• A category internal to Set is a small category

• A groupoid internal to definable sets is a definable groupoid.

• A groupoid internal to a category of presheaves is a presheaf of groupoids.

• A groupoid internal to the opposite of CRing is a commutative Hopf algebroid.

• A pointed one-object category internal to Ho(Top) is an H-monoid.

• A pointed one-object groupoid internal to Ho(Top) is an H-group.

• A cocategory in $C$ is a category internal to $C^{op}$.

• A double category is a category internal to Cat.

• A double bicategory is a category internal to Bicat (in a suitably weak sense).

• A crossed module is equivalent to a category internal to Grp.

• A Baez-Crans 2-vector space is a category internal to Vect.

• A 2-group is an internal category in Grp and so has an internal nerve, which is a simplicial object in Grp, that is a simplicial group. If the 2-group corresponds to a crossed module, $(C\stackrel{\delta}{\to}P)$, then the simplicial group nerve of $(C\stackrel{\delta}{\to}P)$ has Moore complex having $P$ in dimension 0, and $C$ in dimension 1, with the trivial group in all other dimensions. The only possible non-trivial boundary map from dimension 1 to dimension 0 is then the boundary $\delta$ of the crossed module.

Properties

In a cartesian closed category

If the ambient (finitely complete) category $\mathbf{E}$ is a cartesian closed category, then the category $Cat(\mathbf{E})$ of categories internal to $\mathbf{E}$ is also cartesian closed. This was proved twice by Charles and Andrée (under her maiden name Bastiani) Ehresmann using generalised sketches, or may be proven directly as follows (see also Johnstone, remark after B2.3.15):

Theorem

Let $\mathbf{E}$ be a finitely complete cartesian closed category. Then the category $Cat(\mathbf{E})$ of internal categories in $E$ is also finitely complete and cartesian closed.

Proof

First suppose $\mathbf{E}$ is finitely complete. Then the category of directed graphs $\mathbf{E}^{\bullet \stackrel{\to}{\to} \bullet}$ is also finitely complete, and since $Cat(\mathbf{E})$ is monadic over $\mathbf{E}^{\bullet \stackrel{\to}{\to} \bullet}$, it follows that $Cat(\mathbf{E})$ is also finitely complete.

Now suppose that $\mathbf{E}$ is finitely complete and cartesian closed. Let $\Delta_3$ denote the category of nonempty ordinals up to and including the ordinal with 4 elements. We have a full and faithful embedding

$$N \colon Cat(\mathbf{E}) \to \mathbf{E}^{\Delta_3^{op}}$$

where the codomain category is cartesian closed. Indeed, the exponential of two objects $F$, $G$ in $\mathbf{E}^{\Delta_3^{op}}$ may be computed as an $\mathbf{E}$-enriched end

$$G^F(m) = \int_n \prod_{f \colon n \to m} G(n)^{F(n)}$$

when evaluated at $m \in Ob(\mathbf{E}^{\Delta_3^{op}})$, as is easily checked (see for instance here); note that this end is a finite limit diagram since $\Delta_3$ is finite.

If $C$, $D$ are internal categories in $\mathbf{E}$, seen as functors $\Delta_3^{op} \to \mathbf{E}$, the exponential $N C^{N D}$ defines the exponential in $Cat(\mathbf{E})$. To see this, it suffices to check that $N C^{N D}$, as defined by the end formula above, is a category $B$, i.e., is in the essential image of the nerve functor. For in that case, we have natural isomorphisms

$$\frac{ \frac{F \times D \to C \;\;\;\text{in}\; Cat(\mathbf{E})} {N F \times N D \cong N(F \times D) \to N C \;\;\;\text{in}\; \mathbf{E}^{\Delta_3^{op}}}} {\frac{N F \to N C^{N D} \;\;\;\text{in}\; \mathbf{E}^{\Delta_3^{op}}} {F \to B \;\;\;\text{in}\; Cat(\mathbf{E})}}$$

whence $B$ satisfies the universal property required of an exponential.

Objects in the essential image of the nerve $N$ are characterized as functors $\Delta_3^{op} \to \mathbf{E}$ which take intervalic joins in $\Delta_3$ to pullbacks in $\mathbf{E}$, as given precisely by the Segal conditions. The remainder of the proof is then finished by the following lemma.

Lemma

If $C \colon \Delta_3^{op} \to \mathbf{E}$ satisfies the Segal conditions and $X \colon \Delta_3^{op} \to \mathbf{E}$ is any functor, then $C^X$ also satisfies the Segal conditions.

Proof

For any $X$ we have the formula

$$C^X(m) = \int_k Hom(X k, \prod_{f \colon n \to k} \prod_{g \colon n \to m} C(n)).$$

Since the enriched end and the internal hom-functor $Hom(X k, -)$ both preserve pullbacks, we are reduced to checking that

• If $C$ satisfies the Segal conditions, then so does
  $$\prod_{f \colon n \to k} \prod_{g \colon n \to m} C(n)$$

  as a functor $\Delta_3^{op} \to \mathbf{E}$ in the argument $m$ (for each fixed $k$).

Note that the displayed statement is a proposition in the language of finitely complete categories (i.e., in finitary essentially algebraic logic). Since hom-functors $\mathbf{E}(e, -) \colon \mathbf{E} \to Set$ jointly preserve and reflect the validity of such propositions, it suffices to prove it for the case where $\mathbf{E} = Set$. But this is classical elementary category theory; it says precisely that if $C$ is a small (ordinary) category, then the usual functor categories $C^{\mathbf{2}}$, $C^{\mathbf{3}}$ are equivalently described by exponentials of (truncated) simplicial sets. This completes the proof.

In a topos

If the ambient category is a topos, then with the right kind of notion of internal functor, the internal groupoids form the corresponding (2,1)-topos of groupoid-valued stacks and the internal categories form the corresponding 2-topos of category-valued stacks/2-sheaves.

For the precise statement see at 2-topos – In terms of internal categories

Internal versus enriched categories

It is useful to contrast the notion of internal category with that of enriched category, each of which may be considered as a generalization according to whether categories are defined (i) by a single collection of all morphisms or (ii) by a family of collections indexed by pairs of objects. In some cases, one of these generalizations is a special case of the other, but in general they are incomparable.

As described there, internalization is a quite general phenomenon, of which internal categories are a particular case. However, the distinction between “internalization” and “enrichment” becomes less clear in generality. For example, in addition to categories enriched over a monoidal category, one can define categories enriched over a bicategory or an virtual double category. It then turns out that a category enriched over the bicategory (or virtual double category) of spans in a lex category $C$ which has one object is precisely an internal category in $C$.

See also at enriched category.

Related concepts

• weak equivalence of internal categories

• 2-Topos – In terms of internal categories

  • 2-sheaf

  • 2-congruence

• (n × k)-category

• internal site

• internal logic

• enriched category

• locally internal category

References

The general definition of internal categories seems to have first been formulated in:

• Alexander Grothendieck, p. 106 (9 of 21) of: FGA Techniques de construction et théorèmes d’existence en géométrie algébrique III: préschémas quotients, Séminaire Bourbaki: années 1960/61, exposés 205-222, Séminaire Bourbaki, no. 6 (1961), Exposé no. 212, (numdam:SB_1960-1961__6__99_0, pdf, English transl. pdf)

following the general principle of internalization formulated in

• Alexander Grothendieck, p. 370 (3 of 23) in: FGA Technique de descente et théorèmes d’existence en géométrie algébriques. II: Le théorème d’existence en théorie formelle des modules, Séminaire Bourbaki : années 1958/59 - 1959/60, exposés 169-204, Séminaire Bourbaki, no. 5 (1960), Exposé no. 195 (numdam:SB_1958-1960__5__369_0, pdf, English transl. pdf)

The concept of topological groupoids and Lie groupoids goes back to

• Charles Ehresmann, Catégories topologiques et categories différentiables, Colloque de Géométrie différentielle globale, Bruxelles, C.B.R.M., (1959) pp. 137-150 (pdf, zbMath:0205.28202)

and their understanding as categories internal to TopologicalSpaces and to SmoothManifolds is often attributed to

• Charles Ehresmann, Catégories structurées, Annales scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure, Série 3, Tome 80 (1963) no. 4, pp. 349-426 (numdam:ASENS_1963_3_80_4_349_0)

but it seems that the definition is not actually contained in there, certainly not in its simple and widely understood form due to Grothendieck 61.

Survey and introduction with an eye towards Lie theory:

• Jean Pradines, In Ehresmann‘s footsteps: from Group Geometries to Groupoid Geometries, Banach Center Publications, vol. 76, Warsawa 2007, 87-157 (arXiv:0711.1608, doi:10.4064/bc76-0-5)

• John Baez, Alissa Crans, Higher-Dimensional Algebra VI: Lie 2-Algebras

Textbook accounts:

• Francis Borceux, Chapter 8 in Vol 1 Basic Category Theory of: Handbook of Categorical Algebra, Cambridge University Press (1994) (doi:10.1017/CBO9780511525858)

and with emphasis on topos theory:

• Peter Johnstone, section B.2.3 of: Sketches of an Elephant

• Saunders MacLane, Ieke Moerdijk, section V.7 of: Sheaves in Geometry and Logic

The original proofs that the category of internal categories is cartesian closed when the ambient category is finitely complete and cartesian closed are in

• Andrée Bastiani, Charles Ehresmann, Catégories de foncteurs structurés, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques, 11 no. 3 (1969), p. 329-384 (numdam:CTGDC_1969__11_3_329_0)

and in

• Andrée Bastiani, Charles Ehresmann, Categories of sketched structures, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques, 13 no. 2 (1972), p. 104-214 (Numdam)

Discussion in terms of monads in spans is in

• Renato Betti, Formal theory of internal categories, Le Matematiche Vol. LI (1996) Supplemento 35-52 pdf

A detailed discussion with emphasis on the correct anafunctor morphisms between internal categories is in

• David Roberts, Internal categories, anafunctors and localisations, Theory and Applications of Categories, Vol. 26, 2012, No. 29, pp 788-829, journal version, arXiv:1101.2363

An old discussion on variants of internal categories, crossed modules and 2-groups is archived here.