Contents

topos theory

# Contents

## Idea

A quasitopos is a particular kind of category that has properties similar to that of a topos, but is not quite a topos. A major difference is that it need not be balanced: a morphism that is both monic and epic is not necessarily invertible. A quasitopos that is balanced is a topos.

Instead of the usual subobject classifier, it has a classifier only for strong subobjects. It satisfies the uniqueness, but not the existence, part of the sheaf axioms (Elephant A2.6).

Note that some of the literature definitions use the notion of a regular monomorphism. Since every regular monomorphism is as strong one, this article only uses strong monomorphism.

## Definition

###### Definition

A quasitopos is a finitely complete, finitely cocomplete, locally cartesian closed category $E$ in which there exists an object $\Omega$ that classifies strong monomorphisms.

In particular, this means

• Every finite limit and colimit exists;
• For each morphism $f: A \to B$, the pullback functor between slice quasitoposes,
$f^*: E/B \to E/A,$

• There is a map $t: 1 \to \Omega$ such that every strong monomorphism $i: A \to X$ occurs as the pullback of $t$ along some unique morphism $\chi_i: X \to \Omega$:
$\array{ A & \to & 1\\ i \downarrow & & \downarrow t\\ X & \overset{\chi_i}{\to} & \Omega }$

The object $\Omega$ above is sometimes called a strong-subobject classifier, since it classifies strong subobjects, but also sometimes called a weak subobject classifier, since it satisfies a weaker property than an ordinary subobject classifier.

###### Remark

Equivalently, in addition to finite limits and colimits and local cartesian closure, one may ask only that there exists a classifier $t\colon 1\to\Omega$ as above for some class $\mathcal{M}$ of monomorphisms which contains the regular monomorphisms and is closed under composition and pullback. From this one can show that every morphism factors as an epimorphism followed by a regular monomorphism (see Wyler, proposition 12.5). It then follows that every strong monomorphism is regular, and therefore $\mathcal{M}$ is precisely the class of strong monomorphisms.

###### Definition/Proposition

Let $C$ be a category with two Grothendieck topologies $J$ and $K$ such that $J\subseteq K$. The full subcategory $BiSep(C,J,K) \hookrightarrow PSh(C)$ of the category of presheaves over $C$ consisting of the sheaves for $J$ that are also separated for $K$ is a quasitopos. A category equivalent to such a category is called a Grothendieck quasitopos, by analogy with the notion of Grothendieck topos.

In particular, this includes the category of separated presheaves on a given site (if we take $J$ to be the trivial topology), and also includes all Grothendieck toposes (if we take $K=J$).

Equivalently, a Grothendieck quasitopos is a category of the form $Sep_k(\mathbf{E})$, the category of $k$-separated objects for a Lawvere-Tierney topology $k$ on a Grothendieck topos $\mathbf{E}$.

## Properties

### General

###### Lemma

(pushout of strong monos)

In a quasitopos the pushout of a strong monomorphism is again a strong mono, and the resulting square is also a pullback square.

This appears as Elephant, Lemma A.2.6.2, using the synonym cocover for strong monomorphism. Since a topos is a quasitopos in which all monomorphisms are strong, this implies that the pushout of a mono in a topos is again a mono and that the resulting square is a pullback. Together with the fact that colimits are universal in a topos, this implies that a topos is an adhesive category.

###### Corollary

A quasitopos that is also a balanced category is a topos.

This is Elephant, corollary 2.6.3.

###### Lemma

A quasitopos has disjoint coproducts precisely if the unique morphism $\emptyset \to *$ from the initial object to the terminal object is a strong monomorphism.

This is Elephant, corollary 2.6.5.

###### Definition

An object $C$ in a quasitopos is called coarse if for every monic epic morphism $f : A \to B$ every morphism $A \to C$ factors uniquely through $f$.

So the coarse objects are those that see monic epic morphisms as isomorphisms, hence that do not see the failure of the quasitopos to be a balanced category.

###### Proposition

In a quasitopos $\mathcal{E}$ the full subcategory on coarse objects is a topos and a reflective subcategory

$Coarse(\mathcal{E}) \stackrel{\leftarrow}{\hookrightarrow} \mathcal{E} \,.$

This is Elephant, prop 2.6.12.

###### Lemma

If $\mathcal{E} \simeq SepPSh(C)$ is a Grothendieck quasitopos of separated presheaves on a site $C$, then $Coarse(\mathcal{E}) \simeq Sh(C)$ is the sheaf topos on $C$.

This is in Elephant, section A4.4.

### Characterization

There is a Giraud theorem characterizing Grothendieck quasitoposes:

###### Theorem

Grothendieck quasitoposes are those quasitoposes which are locally small, cocomplete, and have a generating set, or equivalently as the locally presentable categories which are locally cartesian closed and in which every strong congruence has a effective quotient.

see C2.2.13 of the (Elephant)

### Extensivity and exactness

A topos is always extensive and exact, but this is not the case for quasitopoi.

A quasitopos is a coherent category, since it has finite colimits which are stable under pullback (since it is locally cartesian closed), and so in particular its initial object is strict, and it has finite coproducts which are pullback-stable, but they need not be disjoint: for objects $A$ and $B$, in the pullback

$\array{P & \overset{}{\to} & B\\ \downarrow && \downarrow\\ A & \underset{}{\to} & A+B}$

the object $P$ need not be initial. This is easy to see from the fact that any Heyting category is a quasitopos, since then $A+B$ is the join $A\vee B$, and so the pullback is the meet $A\wedge B$, which is not in general the bottom element.

It is true, however, that such a $P$ is always a quotient of the initial object, i.e. the unique map $0\to P$ is epic. If the map $0\to 1$ is strong monic, as it is in the “topological” examples, then $0$ can have no proper epimorphic images, and so coproducts are disjoint. The converse also holds, since if coproducts are disjoint then $0\to 1$ is an equalizer of the two injections $1\rightrightarrows 1+1$. A quasitopos with this property is sometimes called solid.

More generally, in any quasitopos $E$, we can factor $0\to 1$ into an epic followed by a strong monic, $0\to \bar{0} \to 1$. One can prove that then the slice category $E/\bar{0}$ is a Heyting algebra (i.e. a posetal quasitopos), while the co-slice category $\bar{0}/E$ is a solid quasitopos, and moreover $E$ itself is recoverable via Artin gluing from a particular functor $E/\bar{0} \to \bar{0}/E$. Thus, to a certain extent, the only interest in the theory of quasitoposes, above and beyond the theory of Heyting algebras, is in the solid ones.

By contrast, if a solid quasitopos is additionally exact, and hence a pretopos, then in particular it is balanced, which implies that it is in fact a topos. One can prove, however, that a quasitopos is always quasi-exact, meaning that every strong congruence has an effective quotient.

### Internal logic

Like a topos, a quasitopos has an internal logic, for which the usual choice is to represent propositions by strong subobjects. The resulting internal logic fails to satisfy the function comprehension principle?, forcing one to distinguish between functions and anafunctions.

## Examples

• Any (elementary) topos is a quasitopos. The first two properties are known, and in a topos every monomorphism is strong, so the ordinary subobject classifier works.

Conversely, if a quasitopos is also a balanced category, then it is also a topos.

• Any Heyting algebra is a quasitopos. This is in notable contrast to the case of topoi, since no nontrivial poset is a topos. The crucial distinction is that every morphism in a poset is both monic and epic, but only the identities are strong monic or strong epic.

• The category of pseudotopological spaces is a quasitopos, as is the category of subsequential spaces. (The latter is Grothendieck, but not the former.) The category of topological spaces fails only to be locally cartesian closed. In such “topological” quasitopoi, the strong monics are the “subspace inclusions” (i.e. those monics whose source has the topology induced from the target), and the strong-subobject classifier is the two-point space with the indiscrete topology. (In particular, we cannot demand any sort of separation axiom and still have a quasitopos.)

• The category of marked simplicial sets.

• A category of concrete sheaves on a concrete site is a Grothendieck quasitopos. See local topos.

This includes the following examples:

• The following examples are categories of separated presheaves for the $\neg\neg$-topology on various presheaf toposes:

• The category Mono of monomorphisms between sets (as presheaves on the interval category - the Sierpinski topos).

• The category EndoRel or Bin of sets equipped with a relation (as presheaves on Quiv

$G_1 = (0 \stackrel{\overset{s}{\to}}{\underset{t}{\to}} 1),$

a truncation of the globular category).

• The category of sets equipped with a reflexive relation (as presheaves on a truncated reflexive globular category).

• The category of sets equipped with a symmetric relation (as presheaves on the full subcategory of finite sets and injections consisting of just the objects $1$, $2$).

• The category of sets equipped with a reflexive symmetric relation (as presheaves on the full subcategory of finite sets consisting of just the objects $1$, $2$). See category of simple graphs.

• The category of bornological sets.

• The category of assemblies of a partial combinatory algebra.

• The category of Spanier’s quasi-topological spaces, the category of concrete sheaves on the site consisting of compact Hausdorff spaces with the finite covering topology. See Dubuc-Espanol.

## References

Original articles include

• Jacques Penon, Quasi-topos , C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 276 Série A (1973) pp.237–240. (gallica)

• Jacques Penon, Sur le quasi-topos , Cahiers Top. Géom. Diff. 18 (1977), 181–218.

Standard textbook references are

• Oswald Wyler, Lecture Notes on Topoi and Quasitopoi , World Scientific Singapore 1991.

Quasi-toposes of concrete sheaves are considered in

A review is in

More generally, quasi-sheaf toposes are discussed in

Last revised on September 25, 2018 at 11:45:20. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.