nLab 2-group

Contents

Context

Group Theory

Higher category theory

higher category theory

Basic concepts

Basic theorems

Applications

Models

Morphisms

Functors

Universal constructions

Extra properties and structure

1-categorical presentations

Contents

Idea

The notion of 2-group is a vertical categorification of the notion of group.

It is the special case of an n-group for n=2n=2, equivalently an ∞-group which is 1-truncated. Under the looping and delooping-equivalence, 2-groups are equivalent to pointed connected homotopy 2-types.

Somewhat more precisely, a 22-group is a group object in the (2,1)-category of groupoids. Equivalently, it is a monoidal groupoid in which the tensor product with any object has an inverse up to isomorphism. Also equivalently, by the looping and delooping-equivalence, it is a pointed 2-groupoid with a single equivalence class of objects.

Like other notions of higher category theory, 22-groups come in weak and strict forms, depending on how you interpret the above.

Strict 22-groups

The earliest version studied is that of strict 2-groups.

A strict 22-group consists of:

  • a collection of group homomorphisms of the form

    C 1s,tC 0iC 1 C_1 \stackrel{s,t}{\to} C_0 \stackrel{i}{\to} C_1

    such that the composites sis\cdot i and tit\cdot i are the identity morphisms on C 0C_0, and such that, writing C 1× t,sC 1C_1 \times_{t,s} C_1 for the pullback,

    C 1× t,sC 1 C 1 t C 1 s C 0 \array{ C_1 \times_{t,s} C_1 &\to& C_1 \\ \downarrow && \downarrow^{t} \\ C_1 &\stackrel{s}{\to}& C_0 }

    there is, in addition, a homomorphism

    C 1× t,sC 1compC 1 C_1 \times_{t,s} C_1 \stackrel{comp}{\to} C_1

    “respecting ss and tt”;

  • such that the composition compcomp is associative and unital with respect to ii “in the obvious way”.

See strict 2-group for further discussion and examples.

Weak 22-groups

A weak 22-group, or simply 22-group, is a (weak) monoidal category where every morphism is invertible and such that:

  • given any object xx, there exists an object x 1x^{-1} such that the monoidal products xx 1x \otimes x^{-1} and x 1xx^{-1} \otimes x are each isomorphic to the monoidal unit 11.

A coherent 22-group is a monoidal category where every morphism is invertible and equipped with:

  • for each object xx a specific object x 1x^{-1} and specific isomorphisms from xx 1x \otimes x^{-1} and x 1xx^{-1} \otimes x to 11 which form an adjoint equivalence.

A theorem in HDA V (see references) shows that every weak 22-group may be made coherent. For purposes of internalization, one probably wants to use the coherent version.

Definition

Definition

The (2,1)-category 2Grp2Grp of 2-groups is equivalently

Remark

The last equivalent characterization is related to the previous ones by the looping and delooping-equivalence

Grp(Grpd) BΩ Grpd 1 */ fullinc. fullinc. 2Grp BΩ 2Grpd 1 */. \array{ Grp(\infty Grpd) &\stackrel{\overset{\Omega}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{\mathbf{B}}{\to}}& \infty Grpd^{*/}_{\geq 1} \\ \uparrow^{\mathrlap{full\;inc.}} && \uparrow^{\mathrlap{full\;inc.}} \\ 2 Grp &\stackrel{\overset{\Omega}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{\mathbf{B}}{\to}}& 2Grpd_{\geq 1}^{*/} } \,.

Here () */(-)^{*/} denotes taking pointed objects, hence the slice under the point, and () (-)_{\geq} denotes the full full inclusion on connected objects.

By replacing in the last of these equivalent characterizations the ambient (∞,1)-topos ∞Grpd with any other one, to be denoted H\mathbf{H}, obtains notions of 2-groups with extra structure. For instance for H=\mathbf{H} = Smooth∞Grpd the (,1)(\infty,1)-topos of smooth ∞-groupoids one obtains:

Definition

The (2,1)-category Smooth2GrpSmooth2Grp of smooth 2-groups is

Grp(SmoothGrpd) BΩ SmoothGrpd 1 */ fullinc. fullinc. Smooth2Grp BΩ Smooth2Grpd 1 */. \array{ Grp(Smooth \infty Grpd) &\stackrel{\overset{\Omega}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{\mathbf{B}}{\to}}& Smooth\infty Grpd^{*/}_{\geq 1} \\ \uparrow^{\mathrlap{full\;inc.}} && \uparrow^{\mathrlap{full\;inc.}} \\ Smooth 2 Grp &\stackrel{\overset{\Omega}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{\mathbf{B}}{\to}}& Smooth2Grpd_{\geq 1}^{*/} } \,.

Below in presentation by crossed modules are discussed more explict presentations of 2Grp2Grp and Smooth2GrpdSmooth2Grpd etc. by explicit algebraic data.

Properties

Presentation by crossed modules

By the discussion there, every ∞-group has a presentation by a simplicial group. More precisely, the (∞,1)-category, Grp\infty Grp, is presented by the model structure on simplicial groups (for instance under simplicial localization)

GrpdL WGrp Δ op. \infty Grpd \simeq L_W Grp^{\Delta^{op}} \,.

Moreover, if GGrp Δ opG \in Grp^{\Delta^{op}} is an n-group, then it is equivalent to a n-coskeletal simplicial group. For n=2n = 2 one finds that these are naturally identified with crossed modules of groups (see there for more details).

In conclusion, this means that

Proposition

The (2,1)-category 2Grp2Grp of 2-groups is equivalent to the simplicial localization of the category with weak equivalences whose

A straightforward analysis shows that

Proposition

For (G 1δG 0,G 0αAut(G 1))(G_1 \stackrel{\delta}{\to} G_0, G_0 \stackrel{\alpha}{\to} Aut(G_1)) a crossed module, the homotopy groups of the corresponding 2-group/simplicial group are

  • π 0=G 0/im(δ)\pi_0 = G_0 / im(\delta) (the quotient of G 0G_0 by the image of δ\delta, which is necessarily a normal subgroup of G 0G_0);

  • π 1=ker(δ)\pi_1 = ker(\delta) (the kernel of δ\delta).

Accordingly, a weak equivalence of crossed modules f:GHf : G \to H is a morphism of crossed modules which induces an isomorphism of kernel and cokernel of δ G\delta_G with that of δ H\delta_H.

Similar statements hold for 2-groups with extra structure. For instance the (2,1)(2,1)-category Smooth2GrpSmooth2Grp of smooth 2-groups is equivalent to the simplicial localization of the category whose

  • objects are sheaves of crossed modules on CartSp smooth{}_{smooth};

  • weak equivalences are those morphisms of sheaves of crossed modules which on every stalk induce weak equivalences of crossed modules as above.

(See the discussion at Smooth∞Grpd for more on this.)

Examples

Specific examples

Picard 2-group

Automorphism 2-groups

For CC any 2-category and cCc \in C any object of it, the category Aut C(c)Hom C(c,c)Aut_C(c) \subset Hom_C(c,c) of auto-equivalences of cc and invertible 2-morphisms between these is naturally a 2-group, whose group product comes from the horizontal composition in CC.

If CC is a strict 2-category there is the notion of strict automorphism 2-group. See there for more details on that case.

For instance if C=Grp 2GrpdC = Grp_2 \subset Grpd is the 2-category of group obtained by regarding groups as one-object groupoids, then for HGrpH \in Grp a group, its automorphism 2-group obtained this way is the strict 2-group

AUT(H):=Aut Grp 2(H) AUT(H) := Aut_{Grp_2}(H)

corresponding to the crossed module (HAdAut(H))(H \stackrel{Ad}{\to} Aut(H)), where Aut(H)Aut(H) is the ordinary automorphism group of HH.

Inner automorphism 2-groups

See inner automorphism 2-group.

String 2-group

See string 2-group.

Platonic 2-group

See Platonic 2-group

Equivalences of 2-groups

We discuss some weak equivalences in the category with weak equivalences of crossed modules and crossed module homomorphisms, which presents 2Grp2Grp by the discussion above.

From inclusions of normal subgroups

Let GG be a group and NGN \hookrightarrow G the inclusion of a normal subgroup. Equipped with the canonical action of GG on NN by conjugation, this inclusion constitutes a crossed module. There is a canonical morphism of crossed modules from (NG)(N \hookrightarrow G) to (1G/N)(1 \to G/N), hence to the ordinary quotient group, regarded as a crossed module.

Observation

The morphism (NG)G/N(N \hookrightarrow G) \to G/N is a weak equivalence of crossed modules, prop. . Accordingly, it presents an equivalence of 2-groups.

Proof

The canonical morphism in question is given by the commuting diagram of groups

N f 1 1 G f 0 G/N. \array{ N &\stackrel{f_1}{\to}& 1 \\ \downarrow && \downarrow \\ G &\stackrel{f_0}{\to}& G/N } \,.

By prop. we need to check that this induces an isomorphism on the kernel and cokernel of the vertical morphisms.

The kernel of the left vertical morphism is the trivial group, because NGN \hookrightarrow G is an inclusion, by definition. Clearly also the kernel of the right vertical morphisms is the trivial group. Hence f 1f_1 restricted to the kernels is the unique morphism from the trivial group to itself, hence is an isomrphism.

Moreover, the cokernel of the left vertical morphism is of course the quotient G/NG/N and f 0f_0, being the quotient map, is manifestly an isomorphism on cokernels.

This class of weak equivalence plays an important role as constituting 2-anafunctors that exhibit long fiber sequence extensions of short exact sequences of central extensions of groups.

Observation

Let AG^A \to \hat G be the inclusion of a central subgroup, exhibiting a central extension AG^GA \to \hat G \to G with G:=G^/AG := \hat G/A. Then this short exact sequence of groups extends to a long fiber sequence of 2-groups

AG^GBABG^BGB 2A, A \to \hat G \to G \to \mathbf{B}A \to \mathbf{B}\hat G \to \mathbf{B}G \to \mathbf{B}^2 A \,,

where BA\mathbf{B}A denotes the 2-group given by the crossed module (A1)(A \to 1), and similarly for the other cases.

Here the connecting homomorphism GBAG \to \mathbf{B}A is presented in the category of crossed modules by a zig-zag / anafunctor whose left leg is the above weak equivalence:

(1G)(AG^)(A1). (1 \to G) \stackrel{\simeq}{\leftarrow} (A \to \hat G) \to (A \to 1) \,.
Example

For smooth 2-groups, useful examples of the above are smooth refinements of various universal characteristic classes:

  • the second Stiefel-Whitney class

    w 2:BSOB 2 2 w_2 : \mathbf{B}SO \to \mathbf{B}^2\mathbb{Z}_2

    is induced this way from the central extension 2SpinSO\mathbb{Z}_2 \to Spin \to SO of the special orthogonal group by the spin group;

  • the first Chern class

    c 1:BU(1)B 2 c_1 : \mathbf{B}U(1) \to \mathbf{B}^2 \mathbb{Z}

    induced from the central extension U(1)\mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{R} \to U(1).

homotopy leveln-truncationhomotopy theoryhigher category theoryhigher topos theoryhomotopy type theory
h-level 0(-2)-truncatedcontractible space(-2)-groupoidtrue/​unit type/​contractible type
h-level 1(-1)-truncatedcontractible-if-inhabited(-1)-groupoid/​truth value(0,1)-sheaf/​idealmere proposition/​h-proposition
h-level 20-truncatedhomotopy 0-type0-groupoid/​setsheafh-set
h-level 31-truncatedhomotopy 1-type1-groupoid/​groupoid(2,1)-sheaf/​stackh-groupoid
h-level 42-truncatedhomotopy 2-type2-groupoid(3,1)-sheaf/​2-stackh-2-groupoid
h-level 53-truncatedhomotopy 3-type3-groupoid(4,1)-sheaf/​3-stackh-3-groupoid
h-level n+2n+2nn-truncatedhomotopy n-typen-groupoid(n+1,1)-sheaf/​n-stackh-nn-groupoid
h-level \inftyuntruncatedhomotopy type∞-groupoid(∞,1)-sheaf/​∞-stackh-\infty-groupoid

References

Original articles

The notion of 2-groups first appears in

and in

Sinh (1973) was supervised by Alexander Grothendieck and showed that 2-groups are classified, up to equivalence, by quadruples consisting of:

  • a group GG
  • an abelian group AA
  • an action of GG as automorphisms of AA
  • an element of H 3(G,A)H^3(G,A), often called the Sinh invariant.

She later published two papers on the subject:

Sinh 1978 appears to prove that every 2-group is equivalent to a strict 2-group arising from a crossed module. The second calls a symmetric 2-group (i.e. a symmetric monoidal category with all objects and morphisms invertible) a Picard category, and calls a Picard category restrained if the braiding B x,x:xxxxB_{x,x} \colon x \otimes x \to x \otimes x is the identity for all objects xx. The article then proves that every Picard category is equivalent to one arising from a 2-term chain complex of abelian groups.

Computational enumeration of geometrically discrete 2-groups using the computer program XMod:

Review

An early textbook account on strict 2-groups and explaining the relation to crossed modules:

Exposition of general 2-groups as monoidal categories with all objects and morphisms invertible (sometimes called Picard 2-groups):

Geometric 2-groups

Beware that most of the above discussion is about geometrically discrete 2-groups.

Discussion of geometrically structured 2-groups (notably smooth 2-groups, hence “Lie 2-groups”):

and via group stacks:

For more on this see the references at string 2-group.

Examples

A key example due to its universality for higher central extensions of compact Lie groups by the circle 2-group to smooth 2-groups is

Further on 2-group-extensions by the circle 2-group:

of tori (see also at T-duality 2-group):

of finite subgroups of SU(2) (to Platonic 2-groups):

Arguments that 2-groups play a role in symmetry protected topological phases of matter:

In this vein, 2-groups are now discussed by a vocal group of physicists under the term “generalized symmetries” or similar.

Last revised on March 30, 2024 at 10:24:27. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.