nLab differential graded algebras and differential graded Lie algebras-relationships

Contents

This entry discusses some relationships between differential graded algebras and differential graded Lie algebras (DGLA)

Contents

Idea

Here we will look at the relationships between the two topics in the title! We will explore some of the functors linking the two categories.

The functors C *C^* and L *L_*.

Cochain functors C *:DGLACDGAC^* : DGLA\to CDGA

Let (V,)(V,\partial) be a differential graded vector space. We let

C r(V)= p+q=rC p,q(V),C^r(V) = \bigoplus_{p+q=r}C^{p,q} (V),

where C p,q(V)Hom p+q( psV,k)C^{p,q} (V) \subset Hom^{p+q}(\otimes^p sV, k) is the subspace of (graded) symmetric functions:

f(su 1,,su p)=ε(σ)f(su σ(1),,su σ(p))),f(su_1,\ldots,su_p) = \varepsilon(\sigma)f(su_{\sigma(1)},\ldots,su_{\sigma(p))}),

for each permutation σ\sigma, having ε(σ)\varepsilon(\sigma) as its Koszul sign.

The product of fC p,qf\in C^{p,q} and gC r,sg\in C^{r,s} is

(fg)(su 1,,su p+r)= σε(σ)f(su σ(1),,su σ(p))g(su σ(p+1),,su σ(p+r)),(f\wedge g)(su_1, \ldots,su_{p+r}) = \sum_{\sigma}\varepsilon(\sigma)f(su_{\sigma(1)},\ldots, su_{\sigma(p)})g(su_{\sigma(p+1)},\ldots,su_{\sigma(p+r)}),

where the sum is over all (p,r)(p,r)-shuffles, σ\sigma and ε(σ)\varepsilon(\sigma) is the Koszul sign of :

(f,g,su 1,,su p+r)(f,su σ(1),,su σ(p),g,su σ(p+1),,su σ(p+r)).(f,g,su_1,\ldots, su_{p+r})\to (f,su_{\sigma(1)},\ldots, su_{\sigma(p)},g,su_{\sigma(p+1)},\ldots,su_{\sigma(p+r)}).

With this product, C(V)C(V) is a commutative graded algebra.

Now let (L,)(L,\partial) be a differential graded Lie algebra. There are two derivations with square zero, which anti-commute defined by

(d 1f)(su 1,,su n) = (1) |f| i=1 p(1) |su 1|++|su i1|f(su 1,,su i,,su p) (d 2f)(su 1,,su n) = (1) |f| i<jε ij(1) |su i|f(s[u i,u j],su 1,,su i^,,su j^,,su p),\array{ (d_1f)(su_1,\ldots,su_n) &=&(-1)^{|f|}\sum_{i=1}^p(-1)^{|su_1|+ \ldots + |su_{i-1}|}f(su_1,\ldots,s\partial u_i,\ldots,su_p) \\ (d_2f)(su_1,\ldots,su_n)&=&(-1)^{|f|}\sum_{i\lt j}\varepsilon_{ij}(-1)^{|su_i|}f(s[u_i,u_j],su_1,\ldots, s\hat{u_i}, \ldots,s\hat{u_j},\ldots,su_p),}

where ε ij\varepsilon_{ij} is the Koszul sign of

(su 1,,su p)(su i,su j,su 1,,su i^,,su j^,,su p),(su_1, \ldots, su_p)\to (su_i,su_j,su_1,\ldots, s\hat{u_i}, \ldots,s\hat{u_j},\ldots,su_p),

where ‘’su i^s\hat{u_i}’‘ indicates that the element su isu_i has been omitted. Putting d=d 1+d 2d = d_1 + d_2, we have a commutative dga, C *(L,)C^*(L,\partial), d 1d_1 and d 2d_2 being called, respectively, the linear and quadratic part of dd.

When LL has finite type, this algebra can be identified with s#L\bigwedge s\# L. Before making this precise, we will develop the extension of duality to the tensor algebra.

Let #V\# V be the dual of a gvs VV of finite type, the elements of the tensor algebra T(#V)T(\#V) can be interpreted as multilinear functions on VV

x 1x p,y 1,,y p=ε i=1 px i,y i,\langle x_1\otimes \ldots x_p,y_1,\ldots , y_p\rangle = \varepsilon \prod_{i=1}^{p}\langle x_i,y_i\rangle ,

where ε\varepsilon is the Koszul sign of

(x 1,,x p,y 1,,y p)(x 1,y 1,,,x p,y p).(x_1,\ldots,x_p,y_1,\ldots,y_p)\to (x_1,y_1,\ldots, ,x_p,y_p).

The free commutative graded algebra #V\bigwedge\# V then can be identified as the algebra C *(V)C^*(V) defined above, via the canonical injection χ:#VT(#V)\chi : \bigwedge \# V\to T(\# V).

The cochains of a dgla, (L,)(L,\partial), of finite type.

Applying the preceding conventions, we get

C *(L,) = (s 1#L,d=d 1+d 2); d 1s 1z;sx = z;x; d 2s 1z;sx 1,sx 2 = (1) |x 1|z;[x 1,x 2]\array{C^*(L,\partial) &=& (\bigwedge s^{-1}\#L, d = d_1+d_2);\\ \langle d_1s^{-1}z;sx\rangle &=& - \langle z;\partial x\rangle ;\\ \langle d_2s^{-1}z;sx_1,sx_2\rangle &=& (-1)^{|x_1|}\langle z;[x_1,x_2]\rangle }

for z#L,x iL,xL. z\in \#L, x_i\in L, x\in L.

Remark

The differential dd is a sum of a linear differential d 1d_1 and a quadratic differential, d 2d_2. By a word length argument, d 2=0d^2 = 0 is equivalent to

{(a) d 1 2=0 (b) d 1d 2+d 2d 1=0 (c) d 2 2=0\left\{\array{ (a) & d_1^2 = 0\\ (b) & d_1d_2 + d_2d_1 = 0\\ (c) & d_2^2 = 0 }\right.

If one lifts the definitions of d 1d_1 and d 2d_2 back to the Lie algebra (L,)(L,\partial), one has

(a) is equivalent to 2=0\partial^2 = 0;

(b) is equivalent to ‘\partial is a Lie algebra derivation’;

(c) is equivalent to ‘the bracket satisfies the Jacobi identity’.

Conversely if (V,d 1+d 2)(\bigwedge V,d_1 + d_2) is a cdga, free on VV as a cga, we can define a dgla structure on s 1#Vs^{-1}\#V using the above formulae.

Definition

CDGA fgCDGA_{fg} will denote the subcategory of CDGACDGA with

  • as objects the cdgas (V,d)(\bigwedge V, d) of finite type, which are free as cgas on a gvs of generators V= k1V kV = \sum_{k\geq 1}V^k with differential given by a linear part and a quadratic part;

  • as arrows, the cdga morphisms that send generators to generators.

The preceding remark translates as

Proposition

C *C^* is an isomorphism between CDGA fgCDGA_{fg} and the full subcategory of DGLADGLA formed by Lie algebras of finite type.

Let C¯\overline{C} be the inverse functor.

Let (V,d)(\bigwedge V, d) and (V ,d )(\bigwedge V^\prime, d^\prime) be two cdgas of finite type, which are free as cgas. Denote by d 1d_1, the linear part of dd, the differential d¯\overline{d} induced by dd on H(V,d 1)=H(V,d 1)H(\bigwedge V, d_1) = \bigwedge H(V,d_1), has zero linear part. Its quadratic part d 2¯\overline{d_2} is thus a differential. It determines, via C¯\overline{C}, a gla structure on s 1#H(V,d 1)s^{-1}\#H(V,d_1)

If (V,d)=C *(L,)(\bigwedge V, d) = C^*(L,\partial), we can easily check that the identification of s 1#H(V,d 1)s^{-1}\#H(V,d_1) with H(L,)H(L,\partial) is a Lie algebra isomorphism.

In particular, if dd is decomposable, (d(V) 2V)(d(V)\subseteq \bigwedge^{\geq 2}V), then s 1#Vs^{-1}\#V has a Lie algebra structure defined by C¯(V,d 2)\overline{C}(\bigwedge V,d_2). Applying our earlier description of this, we have that the bracket on s 1#Vs^{-1}\#V is characterised by

v;s[s 1x 1,s 1x 2]=(1) |x 2|+1d 2v;x 1,x 2,vV,x i#V.\langle v;s[s^{-1}x_1,s^{-1}x_2]\rangle = (-1)^{|x_2|+1}\langle d_2v;x_1,x_2\rangle ,v \in V, x_i\in \#V.

Now let Φ:(V,d)(V ,d )\Phi : (\bigwedge V, d) \to (\bigwedge V^\prime, d^\prime) be a morphism of cdgas, then

s 1#H(Q(Φ)):s 1#H(V ,d 1 )s 1#H(V,d 1)s^{-1}\#H(Q(\Phi)): s^{-1}\#H(\bigwedge V^\prime, d^\prime_1) \to s^{-1}\#H(\bigwedge V, d_1)

is a Lie algebra morphism.

The functor L *L_*

Let (A,d)(A,d) be a connected cdga of finite type. Recall that 𝕃(s 1#A)T(s 1#A)\mathbb{L}(s^{-1}\# A) \subset T(s^{-1}\#A) denotes the free Lie algebra on s 1#As^{-1}\#A and note that T p(s 1#A)=#T p(sA)T^p(s^{-1}\#A) = \#T^p(sA). The linear and quadratic derivations 1\partial_1 and 2\partial_2 respectively are determined on 𝕃(s 1#A)\mathbb{L}(s^{-1}\#A) by

sa; 1s 1b = da;b, sa 1.sa 2; 2s 1b = (1) |a 1|a 1.a 2;b;aA,a iA,b#A.\array{ \langle sa;\partial_1s^{-1}b\rangle &=& -\langle da;b\rangle ,\\ \langle sa_1.sa_2;\partial_2s^{-1}b\rangle & =& (-1)^{|a_1|}\langle a_1.a_2;b\rangle ; \quad a\in A, a_i\in A,b\in \#A.}

The three conditions

(a) d 2=0d^2 = 0,

(b) dd is an algebra derivative,

(c) AA is associative,

are equivalent, respectively, to

(a) 1 2=0\partial_1^2 = 0,

(b) 1 2+ 2 1=0\partial_1\partial_2 + \partial_2\partial_1 = 0,

(c) 2 2=0\partial_2^2 = 0.

Definition

L *L_* is the functor with domain the full subcategory fCDGA 0f-CDGA_0 of CDGACDGA formed by the connected cdgas of finite type and with codomain DGLADGLA. It is defined by L *(A,d)=(𝕃(s 1#A,= 1+ 2L_*(A,d) = (\mathbb{L}(s^{-1}\#A,\partial = \partial_1 + \partial_2).

Note: L *=P#BL_* = P\circ \# \circ B. [ , the bar construction, duality, and , primitives.]

Definition

Let DGLA fqDGLA_{fq} be the subcategory of DGLADGLA having as objects the dglas (𝕃(V),)(\mathbb{L}(V),\partial), which, as graded Lie algebras, are free on a vector space of generators VV of finite type, having a differential that is the sum of a linear and a quadratic part, and for arrows the dgla morphisms that send generators to generators.

The above remarks show

Proposition

L *L_* is an isomorphism between DGLA fqDGLA_{fq} and fCDGAf-CDGA0$.

[[Urs Schreiber|Urs]]: eventually it would be nice if we could put these very detailed discussions in context with existing entries such as [[L-infinity-algebra]] and [[NQ-supermanifold]] which do mention closely related things. Or, in as far as these existing entries are to be regarded as not so good in the light of the present discussiion, we should point out what’s amiss and eventually improve things.

[[Tim Porter|Tim]]: I agree, but before that I am hoping that others will help me to sort out the relationships here and with those other areas as I am no expert in this.

We denote by L¯\overline{L}, the inverse functor.

Let (L(W),)(L(W), \partial) be a dgla, that is, as a gla, free on a finite type vector space WW. Denote by 1\partial_1, the linear part of \partial, and ¯ 2\overline{\partial}_2, the quadratic part of the differential induced by \partial on 𝕃(H(W, 1))\mathbb{L}(H(W,\partial_1)). The space ks 1#H(W, 1)k \oplus s^{-1}\#H(W,\partial_1) has then a commutative graded algebra structure induced via L¯\overline{L}. If (𝕃(W),)=L *(A,d)(\mathbb{L}(W),\partial) = L_*(A,d), the identification of ks 1#H(W, 1)k \oplus s^{-1}\#H(W,\partial_1) with H(A,)H(A,\partial) is an algebra isomorphism.

In particular, if \partial is decomposable, ((W)𝕃 2(W)(\partial(W) \subset \mathbb{L}^{\geq 2}(W)), then ks 1#Wk \oplus s^{-1}\#W has a graded commutative algebra structure defined by L¯(𝕃(W), 2)\overline{L}(\mathbb{L}(W),\partial_2). Applying earlier results, the multiplication on s 1#Ws^{-1}\#W is characterised by

s(s 1x 1.s 1x 2;w=(1) |x 2|+1x 1,x 2; 2w;wW,x i#W.\langle s(s^{-1}x_1.s^{-1}x_2;w\rangle = (-1)^{|x_2| + 1}\langle x_1,x_2;\partial_2 w\rangle ; \quad w\in W,x_i \in\#W.

[[!redirects differential graded algebras and differential graded Lie alg]]

Last revised on July 30, 2018 at 12:10:27. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.